Soybean food plot: a simple phrase that unlocks a world of potential for both the avid outdoorswoman and the creatures she cherishes. It’s not just about planting; it’s about crafting a haven, a meticulously planned buffet for deer, turkey, and a host of other wildlife. This guide is your invitation to explore the art and science of establishing and maintaining these vital plots, transforming your land into a thriving ecosystem.
We’ll delve into the core benefits of these plots, understanding how they nourish and sustain various species. From selecting the perfect location, prepping the soil, and choosing the right soybean varieties, to warding off unwanted weeds and pests, we’ll cover every step. We’ll also explore fertilization, harvesting, and integrating these plots into a comprehensive wildlife management plan, ensuring you’re equipped to create a lasting impact.
Introduction to Soybean Food Plots
Soybean food plots are a cornerstone of modern wildlife management, offering a readily available and highly nutritious food source designed to supplement natural forage. These plots involve cultivating soybeans specifically for consumption by various wildlife species, playing a vital role in enhancing their health, reproduction, and overall survival, particularly during periods of food scarcity. The strategic implementation of soybean food plots can significantly impact wildlife populations, contributing to a healthier and more robust ecosystem.
Purpose in Wildlife Management
The primary purpose of a soybean food plot in wildlife management is to provide a supplemental food source, especially during critical times such as late summer, fall, and winter. This supplementary nutrition helps wildlife to build fat reserves before winter, support successful reproduction, and improve overall health. The goal is to mitigate the negative effects of limited natural forage and enhance the carrying capacity of the land for desired wildlife species.
It’s a proactive approach, providing a dependable food supply to offset the unpredictable availability of natural resources.
Benefits of Soybean Food Plots for Wildlife
Establishing soybean food plots provides a multitude of benefits for wildlife, contributing to their overall well-being and population health. The impact of a well-managed soybean food plot extends far beyond mere sustenance, influencing various aspects of wildlife biology.
- Improved Nutrition: Soybeans are a highly nutritious food source, rich in protein, carbohydrates, and fats, essential for growth, reproduction, and survival. This high nutritional value directly translates to healthier animals.
- Enhanced Reproduction: The increased nutritional intake, particularly protein, supports higher conception rates, larger litters, and improved offspring survival. Well-nourished females are more likely to successfully reproduce.
- Increased Body Condition: Wildlife consuming soybeans typically exhibit better body condition, with higher fat reserves. This is crucial for surviving harsh winters and periods of food scarcity.
- Reduced Stress: A reliable food source reduces stress on wildlife populations, allowing them to conserve energy and focus on other essential activities. This is particularly important during times of environmental stress.
- Habitat Enhancement: Soybean food plots can be integrated into a broader habitat management plan, creating a mosaic of food and cover that benefits various species.
Wildlife Species Benefiting Most from Soybean Food Plots
Soybean food plots offer substantial benefits to a diverse range of wildlife species, although some species are more reliant on and benefit more significantly from them than others. These plots are particularly effective for species that utilize soybeans as a significant part of their diet.
- White-tailed Deer: Deer are perhaps the most significant beneficiaries. Soybeans are a preferred food source, providing essential nutrients for antler development in bucks and milk production in does. A study by the Quality Deer Management Association (QDMA) found that deer utilizing soybean food plots exhibited significantly higher body weights and antler scores compared to deer without access to these plots.
- Wild Turkey: Turkeys readily consume soybeans, especially the seeds. The protein-rich diet supports their growth, feather development, and overall health, enhancing their survival rates.
- Other Herbivores: Various other herbivores, such as elk and rabbits, also benefit from soybean food plots. While the extent of their reliance may vary, the supplemental food source provides valuable nutrition.
- Upland Game Birds: While not directly consuming the beans, birds such as quail may benefit from the insects that thrive in soybean fields, which provide a source of protein for their chicks.
Site Selection and Preparation: Soybean Food Plot
Choosing the right location and preparing the soil are paramount to a successful soybean food plot. These steps lay the foundation for healthy plant growth and a bountiful harvest, ultimately attracting and sustaining wildlife. Careful consideration of these factors maximizes the potential for a thriving food source.
Critical Factors for Site Selection
Several key elements influence the suitability of a location for a soybean food plot. Understanding these factors helps in making informed decisions and setting the stage for success.* Soil Type: Soybeans thrive in well-drained soils with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Clay soils, while sometimes workable, can lead to poor drainage and root rot. Sandy soils may drain too quickly, leading to nutrient deficiencies.
Sunlight
Soybeans require ample sunlight, ideally at least six hours of direct sunlight per day. Avoid areas heavily shaded by trees or buildings, as this will reduce plant growth and yield.
Existing Vegetation
Assess the current vegetation. Dense stands of perennial grasses or weeds can compete with soybeans for resources. Controlling existing vegetation before planting is crucial.
Accessibility
Consider accessibility for planting, maintenance, and harvesting. The plot should be easily reached with machinery or equipment.
Water Availability
While soybeans are relatively drought-tolerant, access to water during critical growth stages (such as flowering and pod fill) is beneficial. Proximity to a water source or areas with higher moisture retention can be advantageous.
Previous Crop History
Knowing what crops were previously grown in the area helps in anticipating potential nutrient deficiencies or pest issues. Avoid planting soybeans in the same area year after year to minimize disease and pest buildup.
Soil Testing and Its Importance
Soil testing is a vital step in preparing a soybean food plot. It provides essential information about the soil’s composition, nutrient levels, and pH, allowing for targeted amendments to optimize soybean growth.Soil testing involves collecting a representative sample of soil from the plot and sending it to a laboratory for analysis. The lab will typically measure:* pH: A measure of soil acidity or alkalinity.
Soybeans prefer a slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0-7.0).
Nutrient Levels
The concentration of essential nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), as well as micronutrients like iron and zinc.
Organic Matter
The percentage of decomposed plant and animal matter in the soil, which improves soil structure and water retention.
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
The soil’s ability to hold and exchange nutrients.The soil test results will provide recommendations for the application of lime (to adjust pH) and fertilizers (to address nutrient deficiencies). Following these recommendations ensures the soil provides the necessary conditions for soybean growth.
Soil Preparation Procedure
Preparing the soil for planting soybeans involves several steps to create a favorable environment for seed germination and plant development. This process typically involves the following stages:
1. Vegetation Control
Eliminate existing vegetation through herbicides (such as glyphosate), mowing, or disking. The method chosen depends on the type and density of the existing plants.
2. Plowing
Plowing breaks up the soil, incorporates organic matter, and improves aeration. The depth of plowing depends on the soil type and the presence of a hardpan layer. Aim for a depth of 6-8 inches.
3. Disking
Disking further breaks down clods, levels the soil surface, and incorporates any remaining plant material. This creates a seedbed suitable for planting. Several passes with a disk may be necessary.
4. Soil Amendment Application
Based on the soil test results, apply lime and fertilizers as recommended. Incorporate these amendments into the soil during disking or plowing.
5. Leveling
Dragging or harrowing the soil surface after disking helps to level the ground and remove any remaining clods. A smooth, level seedbed promotes uniform planting depth and germination.
6. Final Preparation
Just before planting, lightly drag the field again to create a firm seedbed. This ensures good seed-to-soil contact.
Soil Type Suitability for Soybean Food Plots
The following table provides a general overview of the suitability of different soil types for soybean food plots. This is a simplified guide; specific soil conditions within each type can vary.
| Soil Type | Description | Suitability for Soybeans | Considerations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sandy Soil | Coarse-textured soil with large pore spaces, leading to rapid drainage. | Moderate | Requires frequent irrigation and fertilization due to rapid nutrient leaching. May need added organic matter. |
| Loamy Soil | A balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay, offering good drainage, aeration, and water retention. | Excellent | Generally ideal for soybean growth, providing a good balance of water and nutrient availability. |
| Silt Loam | Soil with a high silt content, retaining moisture and nutrients well. | Good | Can be prone to compaction if not managed properly. May require careful tillage. |
| Clay Soil | Fine-textured soil with small pore spaces, leading to poor drainage and aeration. | Poor to Moderate | Requires careful management to improve drainage and aeration. Consider adding organic matter and avoiding compaction. May be difficult to work when wet. |
Soybean Varieties and Planting
Selecting the right soybean variety and employing proper planting techniques are critical for a successful food plot. The characteristics of different soybean varieties, combined with the timing and method of planting, directly impact yield, wildlife utilization, and overall plot performance. Understanding these factors is key to maximizing the benefits of your soybean food plot.
Soybean Varieties
Several soybean varieties are well-suited for food plots, each with unique traits that make them suitable for different regions and objectives. These characteristics include maturity group, which indicates the number of days from planting to maturity, and yield potential, as well as resistance to diseases and pests. Choosing the right variety is dependent on your location, climate, and the specific goals for your food plot.Here are some common soybean varieties:* Early Maturity Varieties: These varieties mature relatively quickly, making them suitable for shorter growing seasons or for plots where an early harvest is desired.
They may be a good choice for northern regions. Examples include:
Roundup Ready varieties
Designed for herbicide tolerance, simplifying weed control.
Non-GMO varieties
Preferred by some for organic food plots.
Mid-Maturity Varieties
Offering a balance between growing season length and yield, these are often popular choices. Examples include:
Buckshot Soybeans
Known for their high protein content, appealing to wildlife.
Evolve Soybeans
Possessing good disease resistance.
Late Maturity Varieties
These varieties require a longer growing season and generally offer higher yields. They are well-suited for southern regions with longer growing seasons. Examples include:
AG varieties
Offer high yields and strong performance.
Pioneer varieties
Known for excellent yield potential and strong emergence.
Forage Soybeans
Specifically bred for wildlife food plots, these varieties are selected for their palatability and high forage production throughout the growing season.
Optimal Planting Time
Planting soybeans at the right time is crucial for ensuring successful establishment and maximizing yield. The optimal planting time is largely dictated by geographical location and climate, specifically the last average frost date and soil temperature. Soybeans need warm soil to germinate and grow vigorously.Here’s a general guideline:* Northern Regions: Plant soybeans after the last average frost date, typically when soil temperatures reach 60°F (15°C) at a 2-inch depth.
This usually occurs in late May or early June.
Midwestern Regions
Planting can begin in late April or early May, depending on the specific location and weather conditions. Monitor soil temperatures and avoid planting too early, which can lead to poor germination.
Southern Regions
Planting can begin earlier, often in late March or April, as the growing season is longer and soil temperatures warm up sooner.Consulting local agricultural extension services or your state’s Department of Agriculture can provide precise planting recommendations for your specific area, based on the latest data and local weather patterns.
Planting Methods
Two primary methods are used for planting soybeans: drilling and broadcasting. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the best choice depends on your equipment, plot size, and objectives.* Drilling: This method involves using a seed drill to plant soybeans in rows at a consistent depth and spacing.
Advantages
More precise seed placement, leading to better germination and uniform stands.
Allows for more efficient weed control through cultivation.
Generally requires less seed per acre compared to broadcasting.
Disadvantages
Requires specialized equipment (seed drill).
May not be suitable for plots with uneven terrain or obstacles.
Broadcasting
This method involves scattering soybean seeds evenly over the soil surface.
Advantages
Simpler and faster than drilling, requiring less specialized equipment.
Suitable for plots with irregular shapes or obstacles.
Disadvantages
Less precise seed placement, potentially leading to uneven stands and reduced yields.
Requires more seed per acre.
Weed control can be more challenging.
Following broadcasting, it is essential to incorporate the seeds into the soil using a disk, harrow, or other suitable implement to ensure good seed-to-soil contact for germination.
Soybean Variety Comparison
The following table provides a comparison of various soybean varieties, highlighting key characteristics.
| Variety | Maturity Group | Yield Potential (bu/acre) | Wildlife Preference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Buckshot | 4.0-4.5 | 45-55 | High (high protein) |
| Evolve | 3.5-4.0 | 40-50 | Medium |
| AG | 5.0-5.5 | 50-60 | Medium to High |
| Pioneer | 4.0-5.0 | 55-65 | Medium |
*Note: Yield potential can vary based on environmental conditions, soil quality, and management practices. Wildlife preference is based on palatability and protein content.*
Steps for Successful Soybean Planting
Successful soybean planting involves several key steps to ensure optimal germination, growth, and yield. Careful attention to these details can significantly impact the outcome of your food plot.* Seed Selection: Choose a soybean variety that is appropriate for your region, planting goals, and soil conditions. Consider factors like maturity group, yield potential, and resistance to pests and diseases.
Seed Treatment
Consider using seed treatments, such as inoculants, to enhance nitrogen fixation. Inoculants contain beneficial bacteria that help soybeans convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form, promoting growth.
Planting Depth
Plant soybeans at a depth of 1 to 1.5 inches (2.5 to 3.8 cm). Planting too shallow can lead to poor germination, while planting too deep can hinder emergence.
Spacing
The recommended row spacing for soybeans typically ranges from 7.5 to 30 inches (19 to 76 cm), depending on the planting method and equipment used. For drilled plots, narrower row spacing (7.5-15 inches) is common. For broadcast plots, the seed is evenly distributed.
Seeding Rate
The seeding rate varies based on the planting method, seed size, and desired plant population. Generally, the recommended seeding rate is between 140,000 and 200,000 seeds per acre (345,940 to 494,200 seeds per hectare).
Soil Preparation
Ensure the soil is well-prepared with a firm seedbed. This can be achieved through tillage and packing. A firm seedbed is crucial for proper seed-to-soil contact and uniform germination.
Weed Control
Implement a weed control strategy, either through pre-emergent herbicides, post-emergent herbicides, or cultivation, to minimize competition from weeds.
Fertilization
Apply the recommended fertilizer based on soil test results to provide essential nutrients for optimal growth.Following these steps will help establish a thriving soybean food plot, attracting wildlife and providing valuable forage.
Weed Control and Pest Management
Weed control and pest management are critical components of a successful soybean food plot. Competition from weeds for sunlight, water, and nutrients can significantly reduce soybean yields and overall plot performance. Similarly, pests can inflict damage that leads to defoliation, reduced pod set, and ultimately, lower seed production. Implementing effective strategies for both weed and pest control is essential to maximizing the benefits of your soybean food plot and ensuring a healthy and productive environment for wildlife.
Weed Control Methods
Effective weed control is fundamental to maximizing soybean yields in food plots. Weeds compete directly with soybeans for vital resources, impacting growth and seed production. Implementing a comprehensive weed control strategy, combining preventative measures with timely interventions, is key to success.Herbicides are a cornerstone of weed management in soybean food plots. The selection of the appropriate herbicide depends on several factors, including the type of weeds present, the stage of soybean growth, and environmental conditions.* Pre-emergent Herbicides: These herbicides are applied before the soybeans emerge from the soil.
They work by preventing weed seeds from germinating. Examples include products containing active ingredients like pendimethalin or metribuzin.
Post-emergent Herbicides
Applied after soybeans have emerged, these herbicides target actively growing weeds. They can be broad-spectrum, controlling a wide range of weeds, or selective, targeting specific weed species. Examples include glyphosate (Roundup) for Roundup Ready soybeans, and herbicides containing active ingredients like clethodim for grass control.Mechanical weed control methods offer alternative approaches, especially in organic food plots or when herbicide resistance is a concern.* Tillage: Tilling the soil before planting can eliminate existing weeds and incorporate pre-emergent herbicides.
However, excessive tillage can lead to soil erosion and compaction.
Cultivation
Using a cultivator between rows of soybeans can control weeds. This method is most effective in the early stages of soybean growth.
Hand-Weeding
This labor-intensive method is effective for small plots or for removing isolated weed infestations.
Common Soybean Pests and Control Strategies
Several pests can significantly impact soybean food plots, leading to yield losses and reduced wildlife benefits. Recognizing these pests and implementing appropriate control strategies is essential.* Soybean Aphids (Aphis glycines): These small, soft-bodied insects suck sap from soybean plants, causing stunted growth and reduced pod set. Scouting for aphids involves inspecting plants for colonies, typically found on the underside of leaves and stems.
Control strategies include the use of insecticides, such as those containing pyrethroids or neonicotinoids, and the promotion of beneficial insects, like ladybugs, that prey on aphids.
Bean Leaf Beetles (Cerotoma trifurcata)
These beetles feed on soybean leaves, causing defoliation. They also transmit bean pod mottle virus, which can reduce yields. Control strategies include insecticide applications, particularly during early-season infestations.
Soybean Loopers (Chrysodeixis includens)
These caterpillars feed on soybean leaves, causing significant defoliation. Monitoring for loopers involves scouting for larvae and signs of feeding damage. Insecticides, such as those containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), can be effective in controlling soybean loopers.
Japanese Beetles (Popillia japonica)
These metallic-green beetles are voracious feeders, skeletonizing soybean leaves. Control strategies include insecticide applications, especially when beetle populations are high.
Spider Mites (Tetranychus urticae)
These tiny arachnids suck sap from soybean leaves, causing a stippled appearance and reducing plant vigor. Control strategies include the use of miticides, and ensuring proper plant health and moisture.
Insecticides and Pest Control Measures
The use of insecticides can be a crucial part of pest management in soybean food plots, but careful consideration and adherence to safety precautions are paramount.* Insecticide Selection: Choose insecticides based on the specific pest you are targeting, the stage of soybean growth, and the potential impact on beneficial insects.
Application Methods
Insecticides can be applied using various methods, including foliar sprays, soil applications, and seed treatments. Foliar sprays are commonly used to control pests that feed on leaves. Soil applications are sometimes used to control soil-borne pests. Seed treatments can provide early-season protection against certain pests.
Application Timing
Apply insecticides when pest populations reach economic thresholds, the point at which the cost of pest damage exceeds the cost of control. Monitor pest populations regularly to determine the optimal timing for insecticide applications.
Safety Precautions
Always read and follow the insecticide label instructions carefully. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, long sleeves, and eye protection, when handling and applying insecticides. Avoid applying insecticides during windy conditions or when rain is expected. Store insecticides in a secure, well-ventilated area away from children and pets.
Example
For soybean aphids, a foliar spray of an insecticide containing the active ingredient bifenthrin might be used when aphid populations exceed a threshold of 250 aphids per plant. The application should be timed to coincide with the peak activity of the aphids and the insecticide should be applied according to label directions.
Recognizing and Preventing Soybean Diseases
Soybean diseases can significantly impact food plot yields and overall plant health. Early detection and preventative measures are crucial for minimizing losses.* Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi): This fungal disease causes small, reddish-brown pustules on soybean leaves. It can lead to significant defoliation and yield losses. Preventative measures include planting resistant soybean varieties and applying fungicides.
Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS)
This soil-borne fungal disease causes interveinal chlorosis (yellowing) and necrosis (tissue death) of soybean leaves. It can lead to premature plant death. Preventative measures include planting resistant varieties, improving soil drainage, and managing soilborne nematodes.
White Mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)
This fungal disease causes white, cottony growth on stems and pods, leading to plant death. Preventative measures include planting resistant varieties, using wider row spacing to improve air circulation, and applying fungicides.
Brown Spot (Septoria glycines)
This fungal disease causes small, reddish-brown spots on soybean leaves. While not usually a major yield reducer, it can contribute to overall plant stress. Preventative measures include crop rotation and fungicide application.
Seedling Diseases
Several soilborne fungi, such as Pythium and Rhizoctonia, can attack soybean seedlings, causing damping-off and stand reduction. Preventative measures include planting high-quality, treated seed, improving soil drainage, and avoiding early planting in cold, wet soils.
Implementing an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategy
An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy combines multiple pest control methods to minimize pest damage while reducing the environmental impact.* Scouting and Monitoring: Regularly inspect soybean plants for pests and diseases. Identify the pests present and assess their populations. Keep records of pest observations.
Cultural Practices
Implement cultural practices to reduce pest and disease pressure. These include crop rotation, tillage, selecting resistant varieties, and optimizing planting dates and row spacing.
Biological Control
Encourage beneficial insects and other natural enemies of pests. Avoid using broad-spectrum insecticides that can harm beneficial organisms. Consider introducing beneficial insects to control pest populations.
Chemical Control
Use insecticides and fungicides only when necessary and as a last resort. Select the appropriate product based on the pest, the stage of soybean growth, and the potential impact on the environment. Apply products according to label instructions.
Record Keeping
Maintain detailed records of all pest management activities, including scouting observations, control measures implemented, and the results achieved. This information can be used to refine your IPM strategy over time.
Fertilization and Soil Amendments
Fertilizing and amending the soil are crucial steps in maximizing soybean yield and ensuring a successful food plot. Soybeans, like all plants, require specific nutrients for optimal growth, and the soil must provide a suitable environment for their roots to thrive. Understanding the role of fertilizers, the importance of soil pH, and the benefits of soil amendments will help you create a fertile environment for your soybean crop.
Fertilizer’s Role in Soybean Growth and Recommended Types and Application Rates
Fertilization provides essential nutrients that soybeans need for healthy growth, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. While soybeans can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere through a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria, they still require other nutrients from the soil, especially during early growth stages.Fertilizer types are often described by their N-P-K ratio, which indicates the percentage of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) present in the fertilizer.
For soybeans, a balanced fertilizer is generally recommended, although the specific ratio may vary depending on soil test results and the overall fertility of the soil.Recommended application rates also vary depending on the soil test results and the yield goals. However, a general guideline is to apply fertilizer based on the recommendations provided by your local agricultural extension office or soil testing laboratory.
These recommendations will consider the existing nutrient levels in your soil and the soybean variety you are planting. Broadcasting fertilizer before planting and incorporating it into the soil is a common application method.
Importance of Soil pH and Methods for Adjusting It to Optimize Soybean Yields
Soil pH, which measures the acidity or alkalinity of the soil, is a critical factor affecting soybean growth. Soybeans prefer a slightly acidic to neutral soil pH, typically between 6.0 and 7.0. Soil pH influences nutrient availability, as the availability of essential nutrients can be significantly affected by pH levels. For instance, phosphorus availability is generally highest within the optimal pH range for soybeans.Adjusting soil pH involves adding soil amendments to increase or decrease acidity.
The most common method for increasing soil pH (making the soil less acidic) is to apply lime, which is a calcium-rich material that neutralizes soil acidity. The type and amount of lime needed depend on the soil’s existing pH and its buffering capacity (the ability of the soil to resist changes in pH). Soil testing is essential to determine the lime requirement.To decrease soil pH (making the soil more acidic), sulfur or acidifying fertilizers can be applied, although this is less common in soybean food plots.
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These amendments react with the soil to release hydrogen ions, thereby increasing acidity. The amount of sulfur needed is also determined by soil testing. It’s crucial to adjust the soil pH well in advance of planting, as it can take several months for lime to fully react with the soil and change the pH.
Use of Soil Amendments to Improve Soil Health
Soil amendments are materials added to the soil to improve its physical, chemical, and biological properties. They play a vital role in enhancing soil health, which directly affects soybean growth and yield.Lime is a soil amendment, but it is primarily used to adjust pH. Other important soil amendments include organic matter, such as compost, manure, and cover crops. Organic matter improves soil structure, increases water-holding capacity, and provides a slow release of nutrients.
- Compost: Adds nutrients and improves soil structure.
- Manure: Provides nutrients and organic matter, but should be composted before application to avoid weed seeds and potential disease.
- Cover crops: Grown to improve soil health. Legume cover crops can fix nitrogen, while others can suppress weeds and prevent erosion.
Adding organic matter increases the soil’s ability to retain water and nutrients, reduces soil compaction, and enhances the activity of beneficial soil organisms. Incorporating organic matter into the soil before planting is a common practice.
Steps for Conducting a Soil Amendment Application, Including Timing and Equipment Needed
Applying soil amendments requires careful planning and execution to ensure the materials are evenly distributed and incorporated into the soil.The first step is to conduct a soil test to determine the soil’s pH and nutrient levels. Based on the soil test results, you can determine the type and amount of amendments needed.Timing is crucial for soil amendment applications. Lime should be applied several months before planting to allow it to react with the soil and adjust the pH.
Organic matter can be applied closer to planting, but it is generally best to incorporate it into the soil during the fall or early spring.The equipment needed for soil amendment application depends on the size of the food plot and the type of amendment being applied.
- Spreader: For broadcasting lime and granular fertilizers.
- Tractor and Disc Harrow or Plow: For incorporating amendments into the soil.
- Truck or Trailer: For transporting amendments to the food plot.
The steps involved include spreading the amendment evenly over the soil surface using a spreader. Then, the amendment is incorporated into the soil using a disc harrow or plow. The depth of incorporation depends on the amendment and the type of soil. After incorporation, the soil should be leveled and prepared for planting.
Example: Research has shown that different fertilizer ratios can significantly impact soybean yield. A study might compare the yield of soybeans grown with a 10-20-10 fertilizer (low nitrogen) to those grown with a 20-10-10 fertilizer (higher nitrogen). The results could demonstrate a 15% yield increase with the higher nitrogen application, highlighting the importance of proper fertilization.
Harvesting and Maintenance
The culmination of your efforts in establishing a soybean food plot is the harvest. However, the work doesn’t end there. Successful soybean food plots require consistent maintenance to ensure long-term productivity and provide a reliable food source for wildlife. This section delves into the crucial aspects of harvesting, ongoing maintenance, and post-harvest practices to keep your plot thriving.
Harvesting Soybeans: Timing and Methods
Harvesting soybeans at the right time is critical to maximizing yield and forage availability. Soybeans typically reach maturity when the leaves have turned yellow and begun to drop, and the pods are dry and brown. The optimal moisture content for harvesting is between 13% and 15%. Harvesting too early can result in immature beans and reduced yields, while harvesting too late can lead to shattering, where the beans fall out of the pods, resulting in significant losses.There are two primary methods for harvesting soybeans:
- Combine Harvesting: This is the most efficient method for larger plots. A combine harvests, threshes (separates the beans from the pods), and cleans the soybeans in a single pass. The header on the combine is adjusted to cut the soybean plants close to the ground. Combine harvesting requires specialized equipment and is best suited for plots that are relatively large and accessible.
- Manual Harvesting: For smaller plots, manual harvesting can be a viable option. This involves cutting the soybean plants by hand using a sickle or other cutting tool. The plants are then allowed to dry, and the beans are threshed by hand, often by beating the pods against a hard surface or using a flail. Manual harvesting is labor-intensive but can be a cost-effective method for small-scale operations.
Long-Term Soybean Food Plot Maintenance
Maintaining a soybean food plot for long-term success involves several key practices. These practices help to maintain soil health, control weeds, and prevent the spread of diseases and pests.
- Weed Control: Weed control is an ongoing challenge. Regular scouting for weeds and timely herbicide applications are essential. Consider using a combination of pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides, following label instructions carefully. Mowing can also be used to control weeds, especially in areas where herbicide use is limited.
- Pest Management: Monitor for insect pests, such as bean leaf beetles and soybean aphids. Implement integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, which may include using insecticides, introducing beneficial insects, or planting pest-resistant varieties.
- Disease Management: Prevent diseases such as soybean rust and white mold. Proper crop rotation and the use of disease-resistant varieties are crucial. Avoid overcrowding plants, which can increase the risk of disease.
- Soil Testing and Fertilization: Conduct soil tests regularly (every 2-3 years) to monitor nutrient levels and pH. Amend the soil with the appropriate fertilizers based on soil test results. Maintain a balanced nutrient profile to support healthy plant growth and high yields.
- Crop Rotation: Rotate soybean food plots with other crops, such as corn or small grains, to break pest and disease cycles and improve soil health. This helps to prevent the buildup of pathogens and reduces the need for excessive herbicide use.
Cover Crops for Soil Health and Erosion Control
Cover crops play a vital role in maintaining soil health and preventing erosion after the soybean harvest. They are planted immediately after the harvest and allowed to grow throughout the fall and winter. Cover crops provide several benefits:
- Erosion Control: The roots of cover crops bind the soil, preventing erosion from wind and water. This is especially important on sloping ground.
- Soil Improvement: Cover crops add organic matter to the soil, improving its structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient content. Leguminous cover crops, such as crimson clover or hairy vetch, can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizer.
- Weed Suppression: Cover crops compete with weeds, suppressing their growth and reducing the need for herbicides.
- Nutrient Cycling: Cover crops scavenge nutrients from the soil and prevent them from leaching out. They also make nutrients available to the following crop when they decompose.
Examples of effective cover crops for soybean food plots include:
- Cereal Rye: A hardy grass that establishes quickly and provides excellent erosion control.
- Oats: A fast-growing grass that can be used as a cover crop in many areas.
- Crimson Clover: A legume that fixes nitrogen and adds organic matter to the soil.
- Hairy Vetch: Another legume that fixes nitrogen and improves soil structure.
Assessing Soybean Yield and Forage Availability
Determining the yield of a soybean food plot and estimating the amount of forage available for wildlife is crucial for assessing the success of your plot and making informed management decisions.To estimate yield, you can use the following method:
- Measure a Representative Area: Select several representative areas within your plot (e.g., 1/100th of an acre or 100 square feet).
- Harvest and Weigh the Beans: Harvest the soybeans from these areas and weigh the beans.
- Calculate Yield per Acre: Convert the yield from the measured areas to an acre basis. For example, if you harvested 2 pounds of beans from a 1/100th acre plot, the yield would be 200 pounds per acre (2 pounds x 100).
Forage availability for wildlife is more challenging to quantify precisely. However, you can estimate the amount of forage by considering the yield of the beans, the amount of plant material (stems, leaves, and pods) remaining after harvest, and the estimated utilization rate by wildlife.
Post-Harvest Management Practices
Post-harvest management practices are essential to prepare the plot for the next growing season.
- Harvest Residue Management: Chop or shred the soybean stalks to facilitate decomposition and improve soil contact.
- Cover Crop Planting: Plant a cover crop immediately after harvest to protect the soil, suppress weeds, and improve soil health.
- Soil Testing: Conduct a soil test to assess nutrient levels and pH.
- Fertilization: Apply any necessary fertilizers based on soil test results.
- Weed Control: Control any remaining weeds, either through herbicide application or mowing.
- Tillage (Optional): If necessary, till the soil to incorporate the cover crop and prepare the seedbed for the next planting. Consider no-till practices to preserve soil structure and reduce erosion.
- Plan for the Next Season: Review your plot’s performance, identify any issues, and adjust your management plan for the following year.
Integrating Soybean Food Plots into a Wildlife Management Plan
Soybean food plots, while beneficial on their own, reach their full potential when integrated into a comprehensive wildlife management plan. This involves considering not just the soybeans but also other food sources, habitat components, and the specific needs of the target wildlife species. A well-designed plan provides a balanced and sustainable environment, leading to healthier wildlife populations and improved hunting opportunities.
Incorporating Soybean Food Plots into a Broader Plan
Soybean food plots are a valuable component of a larger wildlife management strategy. To effectively incorporate them, consider the following:
- Habitat Assessment: Evaluate the existing habitat. Identify what resources are already present (e.g., natural browse, mast-producing trees, water sources) and what is lacking. This assessment helps determine where soybean food plots fit best.
- Target Species: Define the target wildlife species. Deer, turkey, and other species have different dietary needs and habitat requirements. Tailor the food plot strategy to meet the specific needs of the target species.
- Supplemental Food Sources: Integrate soybeans with other food sources to provide year-round nutrition. This might include corn for late-season energy, clover for early-season forage, or native grasses and forbs for cover and insect production.
- Cover and Shelter: Ensure adequate cover and shelter are available. This includes areas of thick brush, timber stands, and escape cover near food plots. Consider creating or enhancing these areas as part of the overall plan.
- Water Sources: Provide access to clean water. This can involve natural water sources, such as streams and ponds, or constructed water sources, such as wildlife waterers.
- Strategic Placement: Position soybean food plots strategically. Consider factors like access, prevailing winds, and proximity to bedding areas. Smaller, scattered plots can be more effective than a single large plot.
- Planning for the Future: Develop a long-term management plan. Soil testing, rotation of crops, and regular monitoring are essential for maintaining the health and productivity of the food plots and the overall habitat.
Comparing Soybean Food Plots with Other Food Plot Options
Soybean food plots offer unique advantages compared to other common food plot options.
- Soybeans vs. Corn: Soybeans provide high-protein forage during the growing season and a valuable seed source in the fall and winter. Corn offers high-energy grain, particularly important for winter survival and antler development in deer. A combination of both, in different plots or rotations, can be highly effective.
- Soybeans vs. Clover: Clover is a perennial legume that provides excellent early-season forage and nitrogen fixation. Soybeans are an annual crop that can provide a higher yield of both forage and seed. Clover may require less maintenance than soybeans, but soybeans offer a broader range of benefits.
- Benefits of Soybeans: Soybeans are relatively easy to establish and maintain. They offer a high protein content, providing critical nutrients for growth and reproduction. They can also improve soil health through nitrogen fixation. They also provide good cover during the growing season.
- Drawbacks of Other Options: Corn can require more intensive management and may be more susceptible to pests and diseases. Clover can be less productive in certain soil types or climates.
Designing a Diversified Food Plot Strategy
A diversified food plot strategy provides a more complete and sustainable food supply for wildlife. Here’s how to design one:
- Variety of Crops: Plant a mix of crops that provide different benefits at different times of the year. This could include soybeans, corn, clover, winter wheat, and brassicas.
- Succession Planting: Implement a succession planting strategy to ensure a continuous food supply throughout the year. Plant crops that mature at different times to extend the availability of food.
- Plot Size and Shape: Vary the size and shape of the food plots to cater to different wildlife needs and preferences. Smaller plots can be more effective in providing cover and reducing competition.
- Crop Rotation: Rotate crops regularly to improve soil health, reduce pest and disease pressure, and provide a diverse range of nutrients.
- Consideration of Browse Pressure: Manage browse pressure by using larger plots or by utilizing fencing to protect the plots during critical growth periods.
For example, a diversified food plot strategy for deer might include:
- Spring/Summer: Soybeans, clover, and alfalfa.
- Late Summer/Fall: Corn, soybeans, and brassicas (e.g., turnips, radishes).
- Winter: Winter wheat, rye, and standing corn.
Monitoring Wildlife Populations and Adjusting Management Practices
Regular monitoring is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of the wildlife management plan and make necessary adjustments.
- Population Surveys: Conduct population surveys to estimate wildlife numbers. This can involve camera surveys, spotlight counts, or track counts.
- Browse Surveys: Monitor browse utilization to assess the availability of forage. This can involve measuring browse lines or using pellet group counts.
- Harvest Data: Collect harvest data, such as antler measurements, body weights, and age, to assess the health and productivity of the wildlife population.
- Soil Testing: Regularly test soil to monitor nutrient levels and adjust fertilization practices.
- Adaptive Management: Be prepared to adjust the management plan based on monitoring results. This may involve changing the crops planted, the size or location of food plots, or the hunting pressure.
Examples of Wildlife Management Plans Incorporating Soybean Food Plots
Here are some examples of wildlife management plans that effectively utilize soybean food plots:
- Deer Management Plan:
- Goal: Increase deer population and improve antler quality.
- Food Plot Strategy: Plant a mix of soybeans, corn, clover, and brassicas. Implement a rotational planting system to maintain soil health and extend food availability.
- Habitat Components: Preserve mature timber stands for bedding and cover. Create brush piles and edge feathering to improve habitat diversity.
- Monitoring: Conduct annual deer surveys using trail cameras and spotlight counts. Collect harvest data to assess antler quality and body weights.
- Turkey Management Plan:
- Goal: Increase turkey population and improve nesting success.
- Food Plot Strategy: Plant soybeans, corn, and clover. Provide a combination of open feeding areas and areas with cover.
- Habitat Components: Maintain diverse habitats, including open grasslands, wooded areas, and areas with thick undergrowth for nesting and roosting. Control predators.
- Monitoring: Conduct annual turkey counts during the spring breeding season. Monitor nesting success and poult survival.
- Upland Bird Management Plan (e.g., Quail):
- Goal: Increase upland bird populations (e.g., quail, pheasant).
- Food Plot Strategy: Plant soybeans, sorghum, and native grasses. Implement strip disking and prescribed burning to improve habitat structure.
- Habitat Components: Maintain a mosaic of habitats, including open grasslands, brushy cover, and food plots. Manage for insects, an important food source for young birds.
- Monitoring: Conduct annual bird counts and monitor nest success.
Ending Remarks
In conclusion, the soybean food plot is more than just a patch of beans; it’s a testament to our commitment to wildlife. By carefully planning, implementing, and adapting our approach, we can create flourishing habitats that benefit both the creatures we love and the land itself. The knowledge shared here empowers you to not only cultivate soybeans but also cultivate a deeper connection with nature, leaving a legacy of conservation and abundance for generations to come.
Now, go forth and plant, nurture, and watch the magic unfold!
