food plot trees Planting the Seeds of Wildlife Success.

food plot trees are more than just saplings in the ground; they’re a strategic move in the game of wildlife management. We’re talking about transforming your land into a haven, a buffet, and a safe space for critters of all kinds. From deer to turkeys, and everything in between, the right trees can make a world of difference.

This isn’t just about sticking a few trees in the dirt and hoping for the best. We’re diving into the why, the how, and the what-to-plant of food plot trees. You’ll learn how these trees provide food, shelter, and contribute to a healthy ecosystem. We’ll cover everything from picking the perfect species to keeping them thriving year after year, all while boosting the local wildlife population.

Introduction to Food Plot Trees

Food plot trees are a crucial element in effective wildlife management, serving as a long-term food source and providing essential habitat components. They offer benefits that extend beyond the immediate availability of food, contributing significantly to the overall health and sustainability of a wildlife population and the ecosystem it inhabits. Integrating trees into food plots requires careful planning and consideration of species selection, planting techniques, and ongoing maintenance.

Purpose of Food Plot Trees in Wildlife Management

Food plot trees provide several key benefits for wildlife. They are selected to provide a sustained food source, offering mast (nuts, seeds, fruits), browse (leaves, twigs), and cover throughout the year. These trees also contribute to the structural diversity of the habitat, creating edges, travel corridors, and shelter from the elements.

Benefits of Incorporating Trees into Food Plots

The incorporation of trees into food plots yields a range of benefits that contribute to both wildlife health and environmental sustainability.

• Enhanced Food Source: Trees provide a diverse and consistent food supply. Different species produce mast at varying times of the year, ensuring a continuous food source even during periods when other food plot crops may be unavailable. For example, oak trees produce acorns, a highly sought-after food source for deer, squirrels, and turkeys.
• Improved Habitat Diversity: Planting trees adds vertical structure to the food plot, creating a more complex habitat. This increased diversity benefits a wider range of wildlife species by providing different types of cover for nesting, breeding, and protection from predators.
• Erosion Control: Tree roots help stabilize the soil, reducing erosion. This is especially important on sloped land or near waterways, where erosion can lead to soil loss and water pollution.
• Windbreaks and Shelter: Trees can act as windbreaks, protecting food plots from harsh weather conditions, which can reduce stress on wildlife and improve the microclimate for other plants. They also provide shelter from sun, wind, and snow.
• Long-Term Sustainability: Unlike annual food plot crops, trees are a long-term investment. They can provide food and habitat for decades, reducing the need for frequent replanting and associated costs.
• Increased Biodiversity: By introducing different tree species, food plots support a wider array of insects, birds, and other wildlife, contributing to overall ecosystem health.

Importance of Selecting the Right Tree Species

Selecting the appropriate tree species is crucial for the success of a food plot. The best choices depend on several factors.

• Wildlife Species Targeted: Consider the dietary preferences of the wildlife you are trying to attract. Deer, for instance, are attracted to acorns, persimmons, and crabapples. Turkeys may prefer oaks and hickories.
• Geographic Location and Climate: Choose species that are well-suited to your region’s climate and soil conditions. Native species are generally the best choice as they are adapted to the local environment and are less likely to require intensive care. For example, in the Southeast United States, sawtooth oak and American persimmon are popular choices due to their adaptability and food production.
• Soil Conditions: Different tree species have different soil requirements. Some trees thrive in well-drained soils, while others tolerate wetter conditions. Conduct a soil test to determine the soil’s pH and nutrient levels.
• Growth Rate and Size: Consider the mature size of the trees and their growth rate. Fast-growing trees may provide quicker benefits, but they may also require more maintenance. Space trees appropriately to allow for their mature size.
• Disease Resistance: Select species that are resistant to common diseases and pests in your area. This will help ensure the trees’ long-term health and productivity.

Choosing the Right Tree Species

Selecting the correct tree species is crucial for the success of any food plot designed to attract and sustain wildlife. The ideal choice hinges on factors such as geographic location, soil conditions, desired wildlife species, and the specific nutritional goals of the plot. Understanding these elements ensures that the trees thrive and provide the maximum benefit to the target animals.

Popular Tree Species for Food Plots, Food plot trees

Various tree species are well-suited for food plots across different regions of North America. The selection process depends on the local climate, soil composition, and the wildlife species the plot aims to support.

• Northern Regions: In colder climates, species like crabapple, bur oak, and northern red oak are often favored. These trees are generally hardy and can withstand harsh winters. Crabapples provide readily available fruit, while oaks offer acorns, a vital food source for deer and other wildlife.
• Midwestern Regions: The Midwest supports a diverse range of tree species. White oak, sawtooth oak, and persimmon are excellent choices. White oak produces sweet acorns, while sawtooth oaks are known for their early and prolific acorn production. Persimmons provide a late-season fruit source.
• Southern Regions: The South benefits from warm temperatures and longer growing seasons. Southern live oak, pecan, and American plum are commonly used. Pecans produce highly nutritious nuts, and American plum offers both fruit and cover.
• Western Regions: Western food plots may utilize species such as Gambel oak and various fruit-bearing trees adapted to drier conditions. The specific choices will vary based on the microclimate and available water resources.

Nutritional Value of Tree Fruits and Nuts

The nutritional value of tree fruits and nuts varies significantly, influencing their attractiveness to wildlife and their contribution to animal health and survival. Different species provide different benefits.

• Acorns (Oaks): Acorns are a staple food for many wildlife species, especially deer, squirrels, and turkeys. The nutritional content varies between oak species, with white oak acorns generally being lower in tannins (making them more palatable) and higher in carbohydrates than red oak acorns. Acorns provide a significant source of energy and some protein, although they are relatively low in fat.

• Apples and Crabapples: These fruits are highly palatable and provide readily available carbohydrates. They are also a good source of vitamins and minerals. The nutritional value can vary based on the specific cultivar.
• Persimmons: Persimmons offer a late-season food source, crucial for wildlife preparing for winter. They are rich in sugars and provide a concentrated source of energy.
• Pecans and Walnuts: These nuts are high in fats and provide a concentrated source of energy. They are particularly important for wildlife preparing for winter or during breeding seasons.

Growth Rates, Sunlight Requirements, and Soil Preferences

The success of a food plot tree species depends on its growth rate, sunlight requirements, and soil preferences. Matching the species to the site conditions is vital for optimal growth and fruit/nut production.

• Growth Rates: Growth rates vary considerably. Fast-growing species, like sawtooth oak, can provide food quickly, while slower-growing species, like white oak, require more patience but often offer superior nutritional value or longevity.
• Sunlight Requirements: Some species are shade-tolerant, while others need full sunlight. Matching the sunlight needs to the available light is crucial. Planting trees in areas with sufficient sunlight ensures they can photosynthesize effectively and produce fruit or nuts.
• Soil Preferences: Different species have specific soil preferences. Some, like oaks, prefer well-drained soils, while others, like certain fruit trees, may tolerate a wider range of soil types. Conducting a soil test is essential to determine the soil’s pH, nutrient levels, and texture. This information helps in selecting the species best suited for the site.

Comparative Table of Food Plot Tree Species

The following table compares five different tree species, including their common name, wildlife benefits, and ideal growing conditions.

Common Name	Wildlife Benefits	Ideal Growing Conditions
White Oak	Produces sweet, highly palatable acorns; provides cover.	Well-drained soil; full sun; adaptable to a range of soil pH levels.
Sawtooth Oak	Produces abundant acorns at a young age; early and prolific acorn production.	Well-drained soil; full sun; tolerates a variety of soil types.
Crabapple	Provides readily available fruit; offers cover.	Well-drained soil; full sun; adaptable to various soil types; different varieties offer varying fruiting times.
Persimmon	Provides late-season fruit; high in sugars.	Well-drained soil; full sun; tolerates a variety of soil types; requires protection from browsing when young.
Pecan	Produces highly nutritious nuts; provides cover.	Well-drained, fertile soil; full sun; requires ample space for growth.

Site Preparation and Planting Techniques: Food Plot Trees

Successful food plot tree establishment hinges on meticulous site preparation and the application of correct planting techniques. These steps ensure that young trees have the best possible start, increasing their chances of survival and contributing to the overall health and productivity of the food plot. Proper preparation creates an environment that minimizes competition and maximizes resource availability for the newly planted trees.

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Essential Steps for Preparing a Food Plot Site

Preparing a site for tree planting requires careful consideration of several factors. The goal is to create a soil environment conducive to root development and to control competing vegetation. This proactive approach sets the stage for long-term success.Soil testing is paramount. A soil test provides crucial information about the soil’s pH, nutrient levels (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), and organic matter content.

This data guides the application of lime and fertilizer, correcting any deficiencies and optimizing soil conditions for tree growth. It’s generally recommended to conduct a soil test at least six months before planting to allow ample time for any necessary amendments to be incorporated. Soil testing kits are readily available from local agricultural extension offices or garden centers. Follow the instructions carefully for accurate results.Weed control is another essential element.

Competing weeds can severely hinder the growth of young trees by competing for water, sunlight, and nutrients. Several methods can be employed for weed control, including:

• Herbicide Application: Pre-emergent herbicides can be applied before planting to prevent weed seeds from germinating. Post-emergent herbicides can be used to control existing weeds, but care must be taken to avoid damaging the young trees. Always read and follow the label instructions for any herbicide used.
• Mechanical Control: Mowing or disking the site before planting can help to reduce weed pressure. However, these methods may need to be repeated throughout the growing season.
• Mulching: Applying a layer of organic mulch, such as wood chips or straw, around the base of each tree helps to suppress weeds, conserve moisture, and regulate soil temperature.

Step-by-Step Guide for Planting Food Plot Trees

Planting food plot trees correctly is critical for their survival and future productivity. Following a methodical approach ensures that the trees are established with minimal stress and the greatest likelihood of success.Spacing recommendations vary depending on the tree species and the desired outcome. For example, fruit-bearing trees may require wider spacing to allow for sunlight penetration and air circulation, while trees planted for browse can be spaced closer together to create a denser food source.

Generally, aim for a spacing of 10-20 feet between trees, depending on the species and intended use. Research the specific spacing requirements for the chosen tree species before planting.Planting depth is another crucial factor. The root collar, where the roots meet the trunk, should be level with or slightly above the soil surface. Planting too deep can suffocate the roots, while planting too shallow can expose them to drying and damage.

Dig a hole that is wide enough to accommodate the root system without crowding. Backfill the hole with the original soil, gently tamping it down to eliminate air pockets.

Methods for Protecting Young Trees

Protecting young trees from browsing animals is essential, especially in areas with high deer or rabbit populations. Without protection, young trees can be severely damaged or even killed by browsing.Several methods are effective in protecting young trees:

• Tree Tubes: These are plastic tubes that are placed over the seedlings, protecting them from browsing animals. They also create a microclimate that promotes growth. Tree tubes are particularly effective against deer and rabbits.
• Fencing: A fence can be constructed around the food plot to exclude browsing animals. This is a more expensive option but provides comprehensive protection.
• Individual Tree Guards: These are smaller, often wire mesh, guards that are placed around individual trees. They provide localized protection.
• Repellents: Commercial deer and rabbit repellents can be applied to the trees. These repellents often contain ingredients that make the trees unpalatable to animals. However, repellents may need to be reapplied frequently.

The choice of protection method depends on the level of browsing pressure, the budget, and the desired aesthetic.

Best Time of Year for Planting Food Plot Trees

The optimal planting time for food plot trees varies depending on the climate and the tree species. Generally, planting during the dormant season, when the trees are not actively growing, provides the best results.In most regions, fall or early spring are the ideal times to plant trees. Fall planting allows the trees to establish roots before the onset of winter.

Spring planting allows the trees to take advantage of the growing season. Avoid planting during periods of extreme heat or drought.Consider the following regional variations:

• Cool Climates: Early spring planting is often preferred, allowing the trees to establish roots before the summer heat.
• Warm Climates: Fall planting may be preferable, as it allows the trees to establish roots during the cooler months.

Consult with local experts, such as agricultural extension agents or forestry professionals, to determine the best planting time for specific tree species in a particular region.

7 Important Steps for Proper Tree Planting

A well-executed planting process is essential for the successful establishment of food plot trees.

• Soil Preparation: Conduct a soil test and amend the soil based on the results. Till or disk the planting site to improve soil structure and reduce compaction.
• Weed Control: Eliminate existing weeds using herbicides or mechanical methods.
• Hole Preparation: Dig a hole that is wide and deep enough to accommodate the root system without crowding.
• Planting Depth: Plant the tree at the correct depth, ensuring that the root collar is level with or slightly above the soil surface.
• Backfilling: Backfill the hole with the original soil, gently tamping it down to eliminate air pockets.
• Protection: Install tree tubes, fencing, or other protective measures to prevent browsing damage.
• Post-Planting Care: Water the trees regularly, especially during dry periods. Mulch around the base of each tree to conserve moisture and suppress weeds. Monitor the trees for pests and diseases.

Ongoing Maintenance and Management

Maintaining a thriving food plot tree requires consistent effort and attention. Regular care ensures the trees establish well, produce abundant fruit, and remain healthy for years to come. This section details essential practices to keep your food plot trees in top condition.

Regular Watering and Fertilization

Watering and fertilization are critical for the establishment and continued health of young food plot trees. Proper hydration and nutrient supply are particularly vital during the first few years of growth.

Watering frequency depends on rainfall and soil type. Newly planted trees need consistent moisture, especially during dry periods. As a general guideline:

• Water deeply, allowing the water to soak into the root zone.
• Watering frequency should be adjusted based on rainfall and soil drainage. Sandy soils require more frequent watering than clay soils.
• Monitor the soil moisture by checking the top few inches of soil. If dry, it’s time to water.

Fertilization provides essential nutrients for growth. Use a balanced fertilizer formulated for fruit trees. Apply fertilizer based on soil test results or the tree species’ specific needs. Avoid over-fertilizing, which can harm the tree.

• Fertilize in early spring, before bud break, and potentially again in mid-summer, following the manufacturer’s instructions.
• Avoid fertilizing late in the growing season, as this can encourage new growth that is susceptible to frost damage.
• Consider using slow-release fertilizers to provide a steady supply of nutrients over time.

Pruning Food Plot Trees

Pruning food plot trees is essential for promoting healthy growth, shaping the tree, and enhancing fruit production. Proper pruning techniques ensure good air circulation, sunlight penetration, and strong branch structure.

Pruning should be done during the dormant season (late winter or early spring) for most fruit trees. This timing minimizes stress and promotes vigorous growth. Pruning involves removing dead, diseased, or crossing branches. Specific cuts serve different purposes:

1. Step 1: Removing Dead, Damaged, or Diseased Branches.
   • Description: Identify and remove any branches that are dead, broken, or show signs of disease (e.g., cankers, fungal growth). Make the cut just outside the branch collar (the swollen area where the branch joins the trunk or another branch). This ensures proper healing and prevents the spread of disease.
2. Step 2: Thinning Out Overcrowded Branches.
   • Description: Thin out branches to improve air circulation and sunlight penetration. Remove branches that are growing towards the center of the tree or crossing and rubbing against other branches. This prevents shading and reduces the risk of disease. Make the cuts at the base of the branch, close to the point where it joins the main branch or trunk.

3. Step 3: Heading Back to Control Height and Shape.
   • Description: Heading back involves cutting back the tips of branches to encourage lateral growth and control the tree’s height and shape. Make the cut just above a bud that is facing the direction you want the new growth to go. This technique is particularly useful for shaping young trees and maintaining a manageable size.
4. Step 4: Removing Water Sprouts and Suckers.
   • Description: Water sprouts are vigorous, upright shoots that grow from the main branches or trunk. Suckers are shoots that grow from the roots. These should be removed as they compete with the main branches for resources. Cut them off flush with the branch or trunk.

Common Pests and Diseases

Food plot trees are susceptible to various pests and diseases. Early detection and management are crucial for preventing significant damage. Regular monitoring and appropriate control strategies are essential.

Common pests include:

• Aphids: Small, soft-bodied insects that suck sap from leaves and stems. Control: Insecticidal soap or neem oil.
• Codling Moths: Larvae that bore into fruits. Control: Pheromone traps, insecticide sprays.
• Scale Insects: Small, immobile insects that attach to branches and suck sap. Control: Horticultural oil.
• Deer: Can damage young trees by browsing on foliage and rubbing antlers on the trunks. Control: Tree guards, fencing, repellents.

Common diseases include:

• Apple Scab: A fungal disease that causes spots on leaves and fruit. Control: Fungicide sprays, removal of infected leaves.
• Peach Leaf Curl: A fungal disease that distorts leaves. Control: Fungicide sprays in early spring.
• Fire Blight: A bacterial disease that affects the shoots and blossoms. Control: Pruning infected branches, antibiotic sprays.

Implement these control strategies to manage pests and diseases effectively. Integrated pest management (IPM) combines multiple methods for sustainable control.

Prescribed Burning or Mowing

Prescribed burning and mowing can play a role in maintaining a healthy food plot environment, but their use depends on the specific goals and the types of trees planted.

Prescribed burning is most applicable in open areas or grasslands surrounding food plot trees. Controlled burns can:

• Reduce competition from unwanted vegetation.
• Improve soil nutrient cycling.
• Control certain pests and diseases.

Mowing can also be beneficial:

• Mowing the area around young trees can reduce competition from grasses and weeds.
• It improves access for maintenance and harvesting.

Consult with local authorities and experts before implementing prescribed burning. Always prioritize safety and environmental considerations. Adjust mowing frequency and height based on the specific needs of the food plot and the tree species.

Integrating Trees with Other Food Plot Components

Combining food plot trees with other food plot crops enhances the overall effectiveness of the habitat, providing a more diverse and sustainable food source and cover for wildlife. This integrated approach creates a more resilient ecosystem, benefiting a wider range of species and improving the long-term health of the food plot.

Advantages of Combining Trees with Other Food Plot Crops

Integrating trees with other food plot crops, such as clover or soybeans, offers numerous benefits. This synergy creates a more diverse and resilient food plot.

• Enhanced Forage Availability: Trees provide hard mast (acorns, nuts) during the fall and winter, when herbaceous food plot crops are less productive. Clover and soybeans offer high-quality forage during the growing season. The combination ensures a consistent food supply throughout the year.
• Improved Cover and Shelter: Trees provide crucial cover for wildlife, offering protection from predators and harsh weather conditions. Clover and soybeans can act as ground cover, further enhancing shelter and reducing soil erosion.
• Soil Health Benefits: Legumes like clover and soybeans fix nitrogen in the soil, benefiting tree growth. Trees, in turn, can help to break up compacted soil and improve water infiltration. This combination leads to healthier soil and more productive food plots.
• Increased Biodiversity: A diverse food plot, incorporating trees and other crops, attracts a wider range of wildlife species. This biodiversity creates a more stable and resilient ecosystem.

Strategies for Creating a Diverse Food Plot Ecosystem

Designing a food plot ecosystem that benefits a variety of wildlife species requires careful planning and consideration of several factors.

• Species Selection: Choose a variety of tree species that provide different food sources and cover types. Consider oaks, fruit trees, and conifers. Select companion crops like clover, soybeans, or other legumes to provide supplemental forage.
• Spatial Arrangement: Strategically arrange trees and other crops to maximize sunlight and water availability. Plant trees in rows or clusters, leaving open areas for herbaceous food plot crops. Consider the height and growth habits of different species when planning the layout.
• Successional Planting: Plan for a staggered food supply. Plant a combination of early-successional species (e.g., annuals) and late-successional species (e.g., trees). This ensures that food and cover are available throughout the year.
• Maintenance and Management: Regularly maintain the food plot through practices like mowing, fertilizing, and weed control. Prune trees to encourage growth and fruit production. Manage deer populations through hunting or other methods to prevent overgrazing.

Examples of Successful Food Plot Designs Incorporating Trees

Successful food plot designs that incorporate trees consider factors like sunlight and water availability.

• The “Orchard-Row” System: This design involves planting fruit trees or nut trees in rows with wide spacing between rows. The open areas between the tree rows are used to plant clover, soybeans, or other herbaceous food plot crops. This system maximizes sunlight for both the trees and the understory crops.
• The “Edge Effect” Design: This design focuses on creating a transition zone between the food plot and the surrounding forest. Trees are planted along the edge of the food plot, providing cover and creating a diverse habitat. The interior of the food plot is planted with herbaceous crops.
• The “Cluster Planting” Approach: Trees are planted in small clusters or islands within the food plot. This creates a more natural and diverse habitat, offering cover and food sources in concentrated areas. The open spaces between the clusters are used for herbaceous crops.

Case Study: The Whitetail Haven Project The Whitetail Haven Project, a 100-acre property in southern Missouri, implemented a comprehensive food plot plan that integrated a variety of tree species with annual and perennial food plot crops. The project involved planting a mix of oak trees, crabapple trees, and Eastern white pine. The trees were strategically placed in rows and clusters, with open areas planted with a combination of clover, soybeans, and corn.

The project also included the creation of a small wetland area. Over a five-year period, the project saw a significant increase in the deer population, as well as an increase in the diversity of other wildlife species, including turkeys, rabbits, and songbirds. The trees provided critical hard mast during the fall and winter, while the herbaceous crops provided a consistent food supply throughout the growing season.

The diverse cover provided by the trees and other crops significantly improved the habitat quality and the overall health of the ecosystem. The success of the Whitetail Haven Project demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating trees with other food plot components to enhance wildlife habitat.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Establishing and maintaining food plot trees can be a rewarding endeavor, providing valuable food and cover for wildlife. However, many landowners make common mistakes that can hinder success. Understanding these pitfalls and how to avoid them is crucial for maximizing the benefits of your food plot trees.

Importance of Selecting Suitable Tree Species

Choosing tree species that are well-suited to the local climate and soil conditions is paramount for survival and productivity. Selecting the wrong species can lead to stunted growth, poor fruit production, increased susceptibility to pests and diseases, and ultimately, tree failure. Consider factors like hardiness zones, soil pH, drainage, and the availability of sunlight when making your selections. For example, a species that thrives in a warm, humid climate will likely struggle in a cold, arid environment.

Researching local native tree species is an excellent starting point. These trees are often naturally adapted to the regional conditions.

Negative Impacts of Overcrowding and Over-Fertilizing

Overcrowding and over-fertilizing can significantly harm food plot trees. Overcrowding leads to competition for resources like sunlight, water, and nutrients. This competition weakens the trees, making them more vulnerable to diseases and pests. Over-fertilizing can also be detrimental. Excess fertilizer can burn the roots, disrupt the soil’s natural balance, and pollute waterways through runoff.

It is important to follow recommended spacing guidelines and fertilization rates based on soil tests and the specific needs of the tree species.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Avoiding these common mistakes can significantly improve the success rate of your food plot tree establishment and maintenance.

• Incorrect Species Selection: Planting trees that are not adapted to the local climate and soil conditions is a frequent error. For example, planting a pecan tree in an area with a short growing season may not allow the nuts to mature. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map and local extension services are valuable resources for determining suitable species.
• Poor Site Preparation: Inadequate site preparation can lead to poor root development and stunted growth. This includes not properly clearing the planting area of competing vegetation, not amending the soil if necessary, and not providing adequate drainage. For instance, failing to control weeds around newly planted seedlings can suffocate them, leading to their death.
• Inadequate Protection from Browsing Animals: Deer, rabbits, and other animals can inflict significant damage on young trees by browsing on the tender shoots and bark. Without protection, the trees may be severely stunted or killed. Using tree tubes, fencing, or repellents is often necessary, especially in areas with high wildlife populations. A study by the University of Kentucky found that using tree tubes increased the survival rate of newly planted seedlings by up to 80% in areas with high deer pressure.

• Ignoring Soil Testing and Nutrient Needs: Failing to conduct a soil test before planting can result in nutrient deficiencies or imbalances that hinder tree growth. Soil tests provide crucial information about the soil’s pH, nutrient levels, and organic matter content, enabling informed decisions about fertilization and soil amendments. For example, planting a species that prefers slightly acidic soil in an area with alkaline soil can result in nutrient deficiencies.

• Lack of Ongoing Maintenance: Food plot trees require ongoing maintenance, including regular watering, weeding, pruning, and pest and disease control. Neglecting these tasks can lead to tree decline and reduced productivity. For example, failing to prune young fruit trees can result in poor fruit production later in life.

Summary

So, there you have it – a deep dive into the world of food plot trees. From choosing the right species to nurturing them through the seasons, you’ve got the tools to transform your land into a wildlife paradise. Remember, it’s a long game, but the rewards – a thriving ecosystem and a front-row seat to nature’s beauty – are well worth the effort.

Get planting, and watch your food plots flourish!