Alfalfa for Deer Food Plots A Comprehensive Guide to Success

Alfalfa for deer food plots: sounds simple, right? But there’s more to it than just scattering some seeds and hoping for the best. This guide dives deep, uncovering the secrets to creating thriving alfalfa plots that will have deer flocking to your property. We’re not just talking about a green patch; we’re talking about a carefully planned, nutrient-rich buffet designed to boost deer health, antler growth, and overall herd vitality.

Get ready to learn how to transform your land into a deer haven.

We’ll cover everything from the nutritional powerhouse that alfalfa provides (think vitamins, minerals, and protein that rivals other common food plot choices) to the nitty-gritty of soil preparation, planting techniques, and ongoing management. You’ll discover the best alfalfa varieties, how to incorporate them with other forages, and strategies to overcome common challenges like weed pressure and overgrazing. We’ll even explore how alfalfa influences deer behavior, making your plots more attractive and effective.

Benefits of Alfalfa in Deer Food Plots

Alfalfa is a highly beneficial forage crop for deer food plots, providing exceptional nutritional value that supports deer health, growth, and reproduction. Its deep root system also contributes to soil health, making it a valuable asset for sustainable land management. Alfalfa’s superior nutritional profile, when compared to other food plot options, makes it a key component in maximizing the potential of deer populations.

Nutritional Advantages of Alfalfa for Deer, Alfalfa for deer food plots

Alfalfa stands out as a nutritional powerhouse for deer, delivering a wide range of essential vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients. This comprehensive nutritional package supports all stages of deer life, from fawn development to antler growth.

• High Protein Content: Alfalfa typically boasts a protein content ranging from 18% to 22% on a dry matter basis. This high protein level is crucial for antler development in bucks and lactation in does. The protein is easily digestible, making it readily available for the deer.
• Essential Vitamins: Alfalfa is rich in various vitamins, including:
  • Vitamin A: Vital for vision, growth, and reproduction.
  • Vitamin E: An antioxidant that supports immune function and overall health.
  • B Vitamins: Crucial for energy metabolism and nervous system function.
• Key Minerals: Alfalfa provides essential minerals for bone development, muscle function, and various metabolic processes:
  • Calcium: Important for antler growth and bone strength.
  • Phosphorus: Another key mineral for bone development and energy transfer.
  • Potassium: Plays a role in fluid balance and nerve function.
  • Magnesium: Essential for muscle function and enzyme activity.

Protein Content Comparison

Alfalfa’s protein content surpasses that of many other common food plot choices, making it a superior option for deer. This higher protein level translates to better growth and development.

Here is a comparison of protein content on a dry matter basis:

Food Plot Crop	Typical Protein Content (%)
Alfalfa	18-22
Clover (e.g., White Clover)	15-20
Soybeans	30-40
Corn	8-10

Note: Protein content can vary based on factors like soil conditions, stage of growth, and environmental factors.

Advantages of Alfalfa for Antler Development and Overall Health

The high nutritional value of alfalfa directly benefits antler development and overall deer health, leading to larger, healthier deer.

• Enhanced Antler Growth: The high protein and mineral content, particularly calcium and phosphorus, are critical for antler development. Bucks consuming alfalfa often exhibit greater antler size and mass.
• Improved Body Condition: Alfalfa’s high digestibility and nutrient density help deer maintain a healthy body condition, particularly during periods of stress like the rut or winter.
• Increased Reproductive Success: Does that consume alfalfa often produce healthier fawns and have a higher rate of successful pregnancies due to improved nutritional intake.
• Disease Resistance: A well-nourished deer is more resilient to diseases and parasites. Alfalfa’s contribution to overall health strengthens the deer’s immune system.

“A study by the University of Georgia found that deer grazing on alfalfa-based food plots showed a significant increase in antler size and body weight compared to deer in areas with less nutritious forage.”

Planning and Preparation for Alfalfa Planting: Alfalfa For Deer Food Plots

Successful alfalfa establishment in deer food plots requires meticulous planning and preparation. This involves understanding the specific needs of alfalfa, carefully assessing the planting site, and implementing a strategic approach to ensure optimal growth and long-term productivity. Proper preparation is critical for maximizing the benefits of alfalfa as a high-quality forage source for deer.

Ideal Soil Conditions for Alfalfa Growth

Alfalfa thrives in specific soil conditions. Understanding these requirements is fundamental to successful establishment and sustained yield.Alfalfa prefers:

• Well-Drained Soil: Alfalfa is highly susceptible to root rot in poorly drained soils. Adequate drainage is crucial for root health and nutrient uptake. The soil should allow for good aeration to promote healthy root development.
• pH Level: Alfalfa requires a soil pH between 6.5 and 7.5 for optimal nutrient availability, particularly phosphorus and potassium. Below this range, nutrient uptake is hindered, and aluminum and manganese toxicity can occur.
• Soil Texture: A loamy soil texture, which is a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay, is ideal. Loam provides good drainage, aeration, and water-holding capacity. However, alfalfa can also grow in clay soils if drainage is adequate. Sandy soils may require more frequent irrigation and fertilization.
• Organic Matter: A soil rich in organic matter provides essential nutrients, improves water retention, and enhances soil structure. Aim for a minimum organic matter content of 2% for optimal alfalfa growth.
• Nutrient Levels: Adequate levels of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and other micronutrients are essential for healthy growth and high yields. Soil testing is necessary to determine nutrient deficiencies and guide fertilization practices.

Step-by-Step Procedure for Preparing a Food Plot for Alfalfa

Preparing a food plot for alfalfa involves several key steps to ensure a successful planting. Following this procedure increases the likelihood of establishing a thriving alfalfa stand.The procedure includes:

1. Site Selection: Choose a site that meets the soil requirements, is well-drained, and receives adequate sunlight (at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day). Consider the accessibility for deer and potential for browsing pressure.
2. Soil Testing: Conduct a comprehensive soil test to determine pH, nutrient levels (P, K, and micronutrients), and organic matter content. This information is crucial for making informed decisions about soil amendments and fertilization. The soil test report will provide specific recommendations for lime and fertilizer application.
3. Weed Control: Control existing weeds before planting. This can be achieved through herbicide application, tillage, or a combination of both. Ensure the chosen method is appropriate for the specific weed species present and does not leave herbicide residues that could harm alfalfa.
4. Lime Application: If the soil pH is below 6.5, apply lime according to the soil test recommendations. Lime helps raise the pH to the optimal range for alfalfa growth. Apply lime several months before planting to allow it to react with the soil.
5. Tillage: Thoroughly till the soil to a depth of 6-8 inches to create a loose, well-aerated seedbed. This helps improve drainage and root penetration. Consider multiple passes with a disc harrow or other tillage equipment to break up clods and incorporate soil amendments.
6. Fertilizer Application: Apply fertilizer based on the soil test recommendations. Phosphorus and potassium are particularly important for alfalfa establishment. Incorporate fertilizer into the soil during tillage.
7. Seedbed Preparation: Finalize the seedbed by dragging or rolling the field to create a firm, level surface. A firm seedbed is essential for good seed-to-soil contact.
8. Seeding: Plant alfalfa seeds at the recommended seeding rate (typically 15-20 pounds per acre) using a drill or broadcast seeder. If broadcasting, lightly drag or cultipack the field to ensure good seed-to-soil contact.
9. Post-Planting Management: After planting, monitor the field for weed pressure and apply herbicides if necessary. Control grazing pressure from deer during the establishment phase to allow the alfalfa to develop a strong root system.

Best Time of Year to Plant Alfalfa in Different Geographical Regions

The optimal planting time for alfalfa varies depending on the geographical region and its climate. Understanding regional frost dates and precipitation patterns is crucial for maximizing the chances of successful establishment.Here’s a general guide:

• Spring Planting: In regions with cold winters, such as the northern United States and Canada, spring planting is often preferred. Plant alfalfa in early spring, after the last expected frost and when the soil temperature reaches 50°F (10°C) or higher. This allows the alfalfa to establish a strong root system before the onset of summer heat and potential drought.
• Late Summer/Early Fall Planting: In regions with milder winters, such as the southern United States, late summer or early fall planting is often recommended. Plant alfalfa 6-8 weeks before the first expected frost. This allows the alfalfa to establish a root system before winter dormancy and take advantage of the spring growing season.
• Considerations for Precipitation: Adequate moisture is essential for alfalfa germination and establishment. Planting should ideally coincide with periods of expected rainfall. In drier regions, consider irrigating the food plot to ensure sufficient moisture.
• Frost Dates: Use local frost date information to determine the best planting window. Avoid planting alfalfa too early, as it can be damaged by late frosts. Similarly, avoid planting too late, as the seedlings may not have enough time to establish before winter.

Alfalfa Varieties and Selection

Choosing the right alfalfa variety is crucial for the success of a deer food plot. Several factors influence alfalfa’s performance, including winter hardiness, grazing tolerance, disease resistance, and yield potential. Careful selection ensures the longevity and productivity of the food plot, providing a consistent food source for deer.

Characteristics of Alfalfa Varieties for Deer Food Plots

Selecting alfalfa varieties specifically for deer food plots requires considering several key characteristics. These traits directly impact the plant’s ability to withstand browsing pressure, tolerate harsh weather conditions, and provide a consistent food supply.

• Winter Hardiness: This is a critical factor, especially in colder climates. Winter-hardy varieties can survive freezing temperatures and snow cover, ensuring the plot’s persistence through the winter. Look for varieties with a high winter survival rating.
• Grazing Tolerance: Deer browsing can be intense, so choosing varieties with good grazing tolerance is essential. These varieties recover quickly after grazing, maintaining their productivity and providing a continuous food source. Consider varieties with a prostrate growth habit, which can withstand more browsing.
• Disease Resistance: Alfalfa is susceptible to various diseases, such as alfalfa weevil, Phytophthora root rot, and Fusarium wilt. Selecting varieties with resistance to prevalent diseases in your region minimizes yield loss and maintains plant health.
• Yield Potential: While not the primary factor, selecting varieties with good yield potential is important. Higher yields mean more forage for deer, provided the other characteristics are also met.

Comparison of Alfalfa Cultivars

Different alfalfa cultivars exhibit varying strengths and weaknesses. Understanding these differences allows for informed selection based on specific site conditions and management goals. The following table compares several popular alfalfa cultivars suitable for deer food plots.

Cultivar	Strengths	Weaknesses
WL 325HQ	Excellent winter hardiness, high yield potential, good disease resistance (e.g., Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt).	May be less tolerant to continuous grazing than some other varieties.
DK40-17	Good winter hardiness, rapid regrowth, and tolerance to browsing.	May have lower yield potential compared to some high-yielding varieties.
AmeriGraze	Excellent grazing tolerance, persistent under heavy browsing, and good winter hardiness.	May have slightly lower yield potential than some conventional varieties.
5340	High yield potential, good disease resistance, and excellent forage quality.	Winter hardiness can vary depending on the specific region.

Sources for High-Quality Alfalfa Seed

Sourcing high-quality alfalfa seed from reputable suppliers is crucial for establishing a successful food plot. Several factors determine seed quality, including purity, germination rate, and disease resistance.

• Seed Companies: Many national and regional seed companies specialize in forage crops, including alfalfa. These companies often provide detailed information about their cultivars, including performance data and disease resistance ratings.
• Local Farm Supply Stores: Local farm supply stores often carry alfalfa seed and can offer advice based on regional growing conditions. They may also carry seed blends specifically formulated for deer food plots.
• University Extension Services: University extension services offer valuable resources for selecting alfalfa varieties. They often conduct variety trials and provide unbiased recommendations based on local conditions.
• Online Retailers: Numerous online retailers sell alfalfa seed, offering a wide selection of cultivars. Be sure to choose reputable retailers with positive customer reviews and a guarantee of seed quality.

When selecting a seed supplier, verify the seed’s purity and germination rate. These factors directly impact the establishment and productivity of your food plot. Look for seed that meets or exceeds industry standards for these criteria.

Planting Techniques and Methods

Successful alfalfa establishment is critical for a productive deer food plot. Careful attention to planting techniques and weed management during the establishment phase directly impacts stand longevity and forage yield. This section details essential planting methods for maximizing alfalfa’s potential in your food plot.

Planting Depth and Seeding Rates

Accurate planting depth and seeding rates are fundamental to achieving a healthy alfalfa stand. Improper planting can result in poor germination, reduced plant vigor, and increased susceptibility to weed competition.Alfalfa seeds are small, and the ideal planting depth is shallow.* The recommended planting depth for alfalfa is typically between 1/4 to 1/2 inch (6 to 13 mm). Planting deeper than this can hinder emergence, as the seedling will expend too much energy reaching the surface.Seeding rates should be adjusted based on seed quality, planting method, and desired stand density.* For broadcast seeding, a higher seeding rate is often used to compensate for less precise seed placement.

Drilled seeding allows for more accurate seed placement, so a lower seeding rate can be used.

Generally, the following seeding rates are recommended:* Drilled: 15-20 pounds of pure live seed (PLS) per acre. PLS accounts for seed purity and germination rate, ensuring the amount of viable seed planted.

Broadcast

20-25 pounds of PLS per acre.Always calibrate your planter or broadcast spreader to ensure accurate seed delivery. Regularly check seed depth during planting and adjust as needed. A properly calibrated planter ensures uniform emergence and a competitive alfalfa stand.

Weed Control During Establishment

Weed control is paramount during the establishment phase of an alfalfa food plot. Weeds compete with alfalfa seedlings for essential resources like sunlight, water, and nutrients, significantly reducing alfalfa stand establishment and productivity. Effective weed management strategies are crucial for long-term success.Weed control methods for alfalfa include both pre- and post-emergence strategies.* Pre-emergence herbicides: These herbicides are applied before the alfalfa emerges and target weeds as they germinate.

However, few pre-emergence herbicides are labeled for use in alfalfa food plots.

Post-emergence herbicides

These herbicides are applied after the alfalfa has emerged and target actively growing weeds. The choice of post-emergence herbicides depends on the specific weeds present and the alfalfa variety’s herbicide tolerance.Proper timing of herbicide applications is critical.* Follow label instructions carefully for all herbicide applications, including application rates, timing, and any restrictions. Consider mowing to reduce weed seed production and improve the alfalfa stand.

Mowing can be particularly effective against annual weeds.Scouting the food plot regularly is essential for identifying weed species and assessing the effectiveness of weed control measures. This information will guide future weed management decisions.

No-Till Planting Methods for Alfalfa

No-till planting offers several benefits for establishing alfalfa food plots, including reduced soil erosion, improved soil health, and moisture conservation. This method involves planting alfalfa directly into the residue of a previous crop or into existing vegetation without tilling the soil.The benefits of no-till planting are significant:* Reduced soil erosion: No-till planting leaves crop residue on the soil surface, protecting it from wind and water erosion.

This is particularly important on sloping ground.

Improved soil health

No-till planting enhances soil structure, increases organic matter, and promotes beneficial soil organisms.

Moisture conservation

The surface residue helps retain soil moisture, which is critical for alfalfa establishment, especially in dry conditions.

Reduced labor and fuel costs

No-till planting eliminates the need for tillage operations, saving time, fuel, and labor.No-till planting requires careful planning and execution.* Herbicide application: Proper weed control is essential. Before planting, apply a burndown herbicide to control existing vegetation. The choice of herbicide depends on the weeds present and the crop history.

No-till drill

Use a no-till drill designed to cut through crop residue and place the seed at the correct depth.

Soil fertility

Ensure adequate soil fertility by conducting a soil test and applying the necessary nutrients before planting.

Residue management

Manage crop residue to allow for good seed-to-soil contact. This may involve chopping or spreading the residue evenly.Potential challenges of no-till planting include:* Increased weed pressure: Weed control is critical, as weeds can be more difficult to manage in no-till systems.

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Slower soil warming

The surface residue can slow soil warming in the spring, potentially delaying alfalfa emergence.

Specialized equipment

No-till planting requires specialized equipment, such as a no-till drill.Despite these challenges, no-till planting can be a highly effective method for establishing alfalfa food plots, especially in areas prone to soil erosion or with limited access to tillage equipment. Success hinges on meticulous planning, effective weed control, and proper equipment operation.

Managing Alfalfa Food Plots

Effective management is crucial for maximizing the productivity and longevity of alfalfa food plots for deer. This involves a proactive approach to mowing, pest and disease control, and implementing a consistent maintenance schedule. Proper management practices ensure healthy alfalfa stands, providing a consistent and nutritious food source for deer throughout the growing season.

Mowing Frequency and Timing

Mowing alfalfa is a key management practice that influences its health, yield, and longevity. The timing and frequency of mowing directly impact the plant’s ability to regrow and store energy reserves.Mowing should be performed at specific intervals based on the growth stage of the alfalfa, generally when the plants are in the early bloom stage, which usually corresponds to a height of approximately 10-12 inches.

• First Cutting: The first cutting of the year is usually taken when the alfalfa reaches the early bloom stage. This is critical for initiating the growing season and removing any winter damage.
• Subsequent Cuttings: After the first cutting, subsequent cuttings should also be timed based on the early bloom stage. Depending on the region and growing conditions, this can be every 30-45 days. This allows the plants to recover and build root reserves.
• Last Cutting: The last cutting of the year is crucial for the plant’s survival over winter. It should be timed to allow sufficient regrowth before the first hard frost. In most regions, this means allowing at least six weeks of growth before the frost. This practice helps ensure the plants have enough energy reserves in their roots to survive the winter.

Mowing too frequently or too late in the season can weaken the plants, making them more susceptible to diseases and reducing their lifespan. Avoid mowing alfalfa after the first hard frost as this could significantly damage the plants. The mower should be set to a height of at least 3-4 inches to leave enough leaf area for quick regrowth.

Controlling Common Pests and Diseases

Alfalfa is susceptible to various pests and diseases that can significantly impact its yield and nutritional value. Regular scouting and timely interventions are crucial for maintaining healthy stands. Pests

• Alfalfa Weevil: This is one of the most destructive pests of alfalfa. The larvae feed on the leaves, causing significant defoliation. Control methods include scouting for larvae, using insecticides, and promoting natural predators.
• Potato Leafhopper: These insects suck sap from the leaves, causing stunting and yellowing of the plants. Monitoring for leafhoppers and applying insecticides when necessary is recommended.
• Aphids: Several species of aphids can infest alfalfa, feeding on the plant’s sap. Control methods include scouting for aphids and using insecticides.

Diseases

• Phytophthora Root Rot: This soilborne disease causes root decay, leading to plant death. Proper drainage and selecting resistant alfalfa varieties can help manage this disease.
• Anthracnose: This fungal disease causes stem lesions and plant dieback. Using resistant varieties and practicing crop rotation can help control this disease.
• Leaf Spot Diseases: Several leaf spot diseases can affect alfalfa, causing reduced photosynthesis. These diseases are often managed by planting resistant varieties and proper air circulation.

Regular scouting is critical for identifying pests and diseases early. Prompt action, including the use of insecticides or fungicides when necessary, can prevent significant damage. Selecting alfalfa varieties that are resistant to common pests and diseases is also an effective preventative measure.

Maintenance Schedule for Established Alfalfa Food Plots

Creating a maintenance schedule provides a structured approach to managing alfalfa food plots. This schedule incorporates mowing, pest and disease management, and fertilization to ensure optimal growth and productivity throughout the growing season.A typical maintenance schedule includes the following activities:

Month	Activity	Details
Early Spring (March-April)	Assess Stand Condition	Evaluate winter survival and assess the density of the stand. Note any damage or thinning.
Early Spring (March-April)	Fertilize (as needed)	Conduct soil testing and apply fertilizer based on recommendations. Consider applying phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur.
Late Spring/Early Summer (May-June)	First Cutting	Mow alfalfa at the early bloom stage (10-12 inches height).
Summer (June-August)	Pest and Disease Scouting	Regularly scout for pests (alfalfa weevil, potato leafhopper, aphids) and diseases. Implement control measures as needed.
Summer (June-August)	Subsequent Cuttings	Mow alfalfa at the early bloom stage (30-45 days after the previous cutting).
Late Summer/Early Fall (September-October)	Last Cutting	Mow alfalfa, allowing at least six weeks of growth before the first hard frost. Avoid cutting after the first hard frost.
Fall (October-November)	Assess Stand Condition	Evaluate the overall health of the alfalfa stand and plan for the following year’s management.

Following a consistent maintenance schedule, including regular scouting, timely mowing, and appropriate pest and disease control, will ensure that alfalfa food plots remain productive and provide a valuable food source for deer. Soil testing every 2-3 years is recommended to maintain proper nutrient levels.

Alfalfa and Deer Behavior

Alfalfa, a highly palatable and nutritious forage, significantly impacts deer behavior within food plots. Understanding these influences is crucial for effective plot management and maximizing deer utilization. This section explores how alfalfa affects deer feeding habits, movement patterns, and the visual appeal of a thriving alfalfa plot, along with strategies to manage browsing pressure.

Influence on Feeding Habits and Movement Patterns

Alfalfa’s nutritional profile and palatability directly influence deer feeding habits and movement patterns. Deer, as opportunistic herbivores, are drawn to areas offering high-quality forage.Alfalfa provides a concentrated source of protein, energy, and essential minerals, making it a preferred food source, especially during periods of high nutritional demand such as antler growth, lactation, and winter survival.* Increased Plot Visitation: Deer are more likely to frequent alfalfa food plots compared to plots of less palatable or less nutritious forages.

This increased visitation is due to the high digestibility and taste of alfalfa.* Altered Movement Routes: Deer may alter their established travel routes to access alfalfa plots. These plots often become focal points within a deer’s home range, particularly during times when natural forage is less available or of lower quality.* Feeding Duration: Deer tend to spend more time grazing in alfalfa plots compared to less attractive food sources.

This extended feeding duration allows them to meet their nutritional needs more efficiently.* Impact on Home Range Use: The presence of an alfalfa plot can influence how deer utilize their home ranges. They may concentrate their activities within areas closer to the plot, especially during periods of high forage availability.

Visual Appeal to Deer

A thriving alfalfa food plot presents a visually appealing environment to deer, further enhancing its attractiveness. The color, texture, and overall condition of the plot play a significant role in attracting deer.* Color and Contrast: Healthy alfalfa plots display a vibrant green color, which contrasts with surrounding vegetation, making them easily visible to deer. This contrast acts as a visual cue, drawing deer towards the plot.

Consider a lush, deep green field of alfalfa, a stark contrast to the brown hues of dormant native grasses.* Texture and Structure: The dense, upright growth habit of alfalfa provides a distinct texture that is readily apparent to deer. The movement of the leaves in the wind and the overall structural complexity of the plot offer a sense of security, encouraging deer to enter and browse.* Plot Density and Health: A dense, healthy alfalfa plot signals an abundant food supply.

Deer are more likely to utilize plots that appear vigorous and well-maintained, as this indicates a reliable source of nutrition. The uniform height and lack of bare patches further enhance the visual appeal.

Mitigating Browsing Pressure

Alfalfa’s high palatability can lead to significant browsing pressure, potentially damaging the plot if not managed properly. Implementing strategies to mitigate overgrazing is essential for maintaining a productive and sustainable alfalfa food plot.* Plot Size and Design: The size and shape of the alfalfa plot can influence browsing pressure. Larger plots can better withstand grazing, while irregularly shaped plots can provide deer with more edge cover and security.* Supplemental Forage: Planting a diverse mix of forages alongside alfalfa can reduce browsing pressure by providing alternative food sources.

Consider incorporating clovers, chicory, or other palatable forages.* Fencing: In areas with extremely high deer populations, fencing may be necessary to protect alfalfa plots. Various fencing options are available, ranging from simple electric fences to more elaborate high-tensile fences.* Hunting Pressure Management: Controlling hunting pressure within and around alfalfa plots can help reduce browsing pressure. Deer that feel safe and secure are more likely to utilize the plot regularly.* Timing of Grazing/Browsing: Allow the alfalfa to establish before permitting heavy browsing.

Rotate the plot with other forages to give alfalfa time to recover. This rotation also helps to prevent the depletion of nutrients in the soil.* Nutrient Management: Maintaining optimal soil fertility through regular soil testing and fertilization ensures that alfalfa plants are vigorous and can withstand browsing pressure.* Deer Population Management: In areas with excessive deer populations, implementing deer population control measures, such as regulated hunting or trapping, may be necessary to reduce browsing pressure on alfalfa plots.

Incorporating Alfalfa with Other Food Plot Species

Alfalfa, while a highly nutritious forage on its own, can be even more effective when incorporated into a diverse food plot system. Mixing alfalfa with other forages and cover crops can provide a more balanced nutritional profile, extend the grazing season, improve soil health, and enhance overall deer habitat. This approach requires careful planning and consideration of the specific needs of deer and the local environment.

Benefits of Inter-seeding Alfalfa with Other Forages

Inter-seeding alfalfa with other forages offers several advantages for deer and food plot managers. Combining different species leverages their individual strengths, creating a more resilient and productive food plot.

• Enhanced Nutritional Diversity: Alfalfa provides high protein levels, essential for antler development and fawn growth. Clover, like red or white clover, complements alfalfa by offering a slightly different nutritional profile, including readily digestible carbohydrates and often a longer grazing period. Chicory, with its deep taproot, provides high mineral content and can withstand drought conditions, filling a gap in nutritional availability.
• Extended Grazing Season: Different forages have varying growth cycles. Alfalfa is a perennial that provides multiple cuttings throughout the growing season. Clover often has a shorter lifespan than alfalfa, but can still provide early and late-season forage. Chicory is a perennial that can provide forage throughout the summer months when alfalfa may be less productive. This diversity ensures a consistent food supply for deer, especially during periods of scarcity.

• Improved Soil Health: Legumes, such as alfalfa and clover, fix nitrogen in the soil, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. Chicory’s deep taproot helps to break up compacted soil, improving aeration and water infiltration. This combination of species contributes to overall soil health, benefiting all plants in the food plot.
• Increased Weed Suppression: A diverse food plot can suppress weed growth more effectively than a monoculture. The different growth habits and competitive abilities of various forages can help to prevent weeds from establishing themselves. This reduces the need for herbicides and promotes a healthier food plot ecosystem.

Mixed Food Plot Plan Incorporating Alfalfa

Designing a successful mixed food plot plan requires careful consideration of species selection, planting dates, and management practices. The following is an example plan.

• Species Selection:
  • Alfalfa: Choose a variety adapted to your region and soil conditions.
  • Red Clover: A good companion to alfalfa, providing additional forage and nitrogen fixation.
  • Chicory: A perennial herb that offers high mineral content and drought tolerance.
  • Oats or Winter Wheat (as a nurse crop): Planted initially to provide cover and suppress weeds, and then will provide some forage.
• Planting Dates:
  • Late Summer/Early Fall (for Alfalfa and Clover): This allows the alfalfa and clover to establish before winter.
  • Early Fall (for Oats or Winter Wheat): Plant these as a nurse crop at the same time or slightly before alfalfa and clover.
  • Spring (for Chicory): Chicory can be inter-seeded in the spring or planted at the same time as the alfalfa.
• Planting Rates:
  • Alfalfa: 15-20 lbs per acre.
  • Red Clover: 8-10 lbs per acre.
  • Chicory: 4-6 lbs per acre.
  • Oats or Winter Wheat: 60-80 lbs per acre (as a nurse crop).
• Management:
  • Soil Testing: Conduct a soil test to determine nutrient levels and pH. Apply lime and fertilizer as needed.
  • Weed Control: Control weeds before planting and monitor for weed pressure throughout the growing season. Consider using herbicides that are safe for the selected forages.
  • Mowing: Mow the food plot periodically to control weeds and promote new growth. Avoid mowing alfalfa too short, as this can stress the plants.
  • Grazing Management: Allow deer to graze the food plot, but avoid overgrazing, especially during the establishment phase.

Cover Crops Used with Alfalfa

Cover crops play a crucial role in improving soil health and protecting alfalfa during its establishment and throughout its lifespan. They provide several benefits.

• Erosion Control: Cover crops help to prevent soil erosion, especially during periods of heavy rainfall or wind. This protects the alfalfa seedlings and helps to maintain soil fertility.
• Weed Suppression: Cover crops compete with weeds, reducing their growth and the need for herbicides.
• Nutrient Cycling: Cover crops can scavenge nutrients from the soil and make them available to the alfalfa plants.
• Soil Structure Improvement: Cover crops can improve soil structure, increasing water infiltration and aeration.

Examples of cover crops:

• Oats: Oats are a fast-growing annual that provides quick cover and can be easily killed in the spring. They also offer some early-season forage for deer.
• Winter Wheat: Winter wheat is another fast-growing annual that provides good cover and can be harvested for grain or used for forage.
• Annual Ryegrass: Annual ryegrass is a fast-growing grass that can provide good cover and forage.
• Cereal Rye: Cereal rye is a hardy cover crop that can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions. It provides excellent erosion control and weed suppression.

Long-Term Sustainability of Alfalfa Food Plots

Maintaining the health and productivity of alfalfa food plots over the long term requires careful planning and consistent management. Alfalfa, a perennial legume, can provide high-quality forage for deer for several years if properly cared for. This section details strategies for extending the lifespan of alfalfa plots, emphasizing the crucial roles of soil health and nutrient management, and provides a guide to addressing common problems.

Strategies for Extending Alfalfa Lifespan

Extending the lifespan of an alfalfa food plot involves several key management practices. These strategies, if implemented consistently, can help ensure that the plot remains productive for deer forage for many years.

• Variety Selection: Choosing alfalfa varieties specifically bred for longevity and disease resistance is paramount. Look for varieties with good winter hardiness, resistance to common diseases like alfalfa weevil and Phytophthora root rot, and persistence ratings appropriate for your region. Consider varieties with fall dormancy ratings suitable for your area’s growing season.
• Proper Soil Preparation: Ensuring good soil drainage and a favorable pH (6.5-7.0) is essential before planting. Amend the soil with lime to achieve the correct pH, and address any compaction issues through tillage.
• Planting Techniques: Use proper planting methods, including the correct seeding rate and depth. Avoid planting too deep, as this can hinder emergence. A recommended seeding rate for drilled alfalfa is typically 15-20 pounds per acre, and for broadcast seeding, it’s often 20-25 pounds per acre.
• Weed Control: Implement effective weed control strategies, particularly in the establishment year. Control weeds through pre- and post-emergence herbicides, as well as mowing, to reduce competition for resources. Early weed control is critical for alfalfa survival.
• Cutting and Grazing Management: Avoid excessive cutting or grazing, especially during the fall. Allow alfalfa plants to store sufficient energy in their roots before winter. The final cutting or grazing should typically be timed to allow for a period of regrowth before the first hard frost.
• Nutrient Management: Regularly monitor soil nutrient levels through soil testing and apply fertilizers as needed. Maintaining adequate levels of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and other essential nutrients is vital for alfalfa health and longevity.
• Pest and Disease Management: Monitor alfalfa plots for pests and diseases and implement appropriate control measures. Regularly scout for insects such as alfalfa weevil, aphids, and potato leafhoppers, and use insecticides if necessary. Apply fungicides to manage diseases like leaf spot and crown rot.
• Rotation: Consider rotating alfalfa plots with other crops every few years to break pest and disease cycles and improve soil health. This practice can help maintain plot productivity.

Importance of Soil Health and Nutrient Management

Soil health and nutrient management are critical for the long-term productivity of alfalfa food plots. Healthy soil provides the foundation for strong plant growth, while proper nutrient levels ensure optimal forage production and persistence.

• Soil Testing: Conduct soil tests regularly (every 2-3 years) to determine the soil pH and nutrient levels. Soil tests provide valuable information for making informed decisions about lime and fertilizer applications.
• pH Management: Alfalfa thrives in a soil pH of 6.5-7.0. Apply lime as needed to maintain the appropriate pH range. Lime helps to neutralize soil acidity and improve nutrient availability.
• Nutrient Requirements: Alfalfa requires significant amounts of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), in addition to nitrogen (N), which it fixes from the atmosphere. The specific fertilizer recommendations will vary based on soil test results.
• Phosphorus and Potassium: Phosphorus is essential for root development and energy transfer, while potassium is important for overall plant health and stress resistance. Apply these nutrients based on soil test recommendations, typically in the fall or early spring.
• Nitrogen Fixation: Alfalfa is a legume and fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere through a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria in its root nodules. However, in the establishment year, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer may be beneficial to encourage early growth.
• Organic Matter: Maintaining or increasing soil organic matter is beneficial for soil health. Practices like incorporating cover crops or applying compost can improve soil structure, water infiltration, and nutrient retention.
• Water Management: Ensure adequate water availability for alfalfa. In regions with low rainfall, consider irrigation to support plant growth and persistence.

Assessing and Addressing Common Problems in Established Alfalfa Plots

Regular monitoring of alfalfa plots is essential for identifying and addressing common problems that can reduce forage production and lifespan. Early detection and prompt action can often prevent serious damage.

• Weed Infestations: Monitor for weed infestations throughout the growing season. Implement appropriate weed control measures, such as herbicide applications or mowing, as needed. Common weeds in alfalfa include grasses, broadleaf weeds, and other undesirable species.
• Insect Pests: Regularly scout for insect pests, such as alfalfa weevil, aphids, and potato leafhoppers. Use insecticides if pest populations exceed economic thresholds. Consider the use of beneficial insects as a form of biological control.
• Diseases: Monitor for diseases like leaf spot, crown rot, and root rot. Choose disease-resistant alfalfa varieties and practice good cultural management to minimize disease risk. Apply fungicides if necessary.
• Poor Stand Density: Assess the stand density of alfalfa plants. Thinning stands may indicate a need for reseeding or other management adjustments. Count the number of plants per square foot to determine if the stand is adequate. A healthy stand should have a minimum of 4-6 plants per square foot.
• Soil Compaction: Evaluate the soil for compaction, which can restrict root growth and reduce water infiltration. Address compaction issues through tillage or other methods.
• Nutrient Deficiencies: Monitor for signs of nutrient deficiencies, such as yellowing leaves (nitrogen deficiency) or stunted growth (phosphorus deficiency). Conduct soil tests and apply fertilizers as needed to correct deficiencies.
• Winter Injury: Assess for winter injury, which can result in plant death or reduced vigor. Factors such as excessive moisture, ice formation, and cold temperatures can contribute to winter injury.
• Erosion: Prevent soil erosion through practices such as contour planting and the use of cover crops. Erosion can reduce soil fertility and lead to the loss of valuable topsoil.

Overcoming Challenges

Establishing and maintaining successful alfalfa food plots presents several challenges for deer managers. These challenges can significantly impact plot productivity and longevity, requiring proactive management strategies to ensure optimal forage production for deer. Addressing these obstacles is crucial for maximizing the benefits of alfalfa in deer food plots.

Common Challenges in Alfalfa Plots

Several factors can hinder the successful establishment and maintenance of alfalfa plots. Understanding these challenges is the first step in developing effective management strategies.

• Weed Competition: Weed pressure is a significant challenge, particularly during the establishment phase. Weeds compete with alfalfa for resources such as sunlight, water, and nutrients, hindering its growth and development.
• Pest Infestations: Various pests, including alfalfa weevils, aphids, and leafhoppers, can damage alfalfa plants, reducing forage yield and quality. Regular scouting and timely intervention are crucial.
• Disease Outbreaks: Diseases such as alfalfa root rot and crown rot can devastate alfalfa stands, leading to stand thinning and reduced productivity. Proper soil drainage, variety selection, and crop rotation can help mitigate disease risk.
• Soil Conditions: Alfalfa thrives in well-drained soils with a neutral to slightly alkaline pH. Poor soil conditions, such as compaction, low fertility, or inadequate drainage, can limit alfalfa growth and persistence.
• Overgrazing: Deer can heavily graze alfalfa plots, especially during periods of limited forage availability. Overgrazing can weaken alfalfa plants, reduce stand longevity, and decrease overall forage production.
• Weather Extremes: Drought, excessive rainfall, and extreme temperatures can negatively impact alfalfa growth and survival. Proper site selection, irrigation (if feasible), and variety selection can help mitigate the effects of weather extremes.

Addressing Weed Pressure in Established Alfalfa Plots

Managing weeds in established alfalfa plots is essential for maintaining forage quality and yield. Effective weed control strategies often involve a combination of methods.

• Herbicide Applications: Selective herbicides can be used to control specific weed species in alfalfa plots. The choice of herbicide depends on the weeds present and the stage of alfalfa growth. For example, post-emergence herbicides like Pursuit can be effective against certain broadleaf weeds and grasses. Always follow label instructions for proper application rates and timing.
• Mowing: Mowing can be an effective weed control method, particularly for annual weeds. Mowing alfalfa at the appropriate height and frequency can suppress weed growth and promote alfalfa dominance.
• Crop Rotation: Rotating alfalfa with other crops can help disrupt weed cycles and reduce weed pressure. Planting a different crop, such as corn or soybeans, can allow for the use of different herbicides and tillage practices that control weeds not easily managed in alfalfa.
• Maintaining a Dense Stand: A dense, healthy alfalfa stand is more competitive against weeds. Proper fertilization, irrigation (if applicable), and timely cutting can promote alfalfa vigor and reduce weed encroachment.
• Preventing Weed Seed Production: Preventing weeds from going to seed is crucial for long-term weed control. Regularly scouting plots and removing weeds before they produce seeds can help minimize future weed infestations.

Strategies for Dealing with Overgrazing and Protecting Alfalfa from Deer

Protecting alfalfa plots from overgrazing is essential for ensuring the long-term health and productivity of the stand. Several strategies can be employed to mitigate the impact of deer grazing.

• Fencing: Constructing a physical barrier, such as a high-tensile fence or a temporary electric fence, is one of the most effective methods for protecting alfalfa plots from deer. The height and type of fence will depend on the deer population and the size of the plot.
• Deer Deterrents: Various deer deterrents, such as scent-based repellents, visual deterrents (e.g., reflective tape or scarecrows), and auditory deterrents (e.g., motion-activated sprinklers), can be used to discourage deer from grazing on alfalfa. The effectiveness of deterrents can vary, and they may need to be rotated to prevent deer from becoming accustomed to them.
• Plot Size and Location: Planting larger plots and locating them away from areas with high deer densities can help reduce the impact of overgrazing.
• Supplemental Feeding: Providing supplemental feed sources, such as corn or mineral supplements, away from the alfalfa plot can help divert deer grazing pressure. However, this should be done cautiously to avoid attracting more deer to the area.
• Hunting Pressure: Increasing hunting pressure in the area can help reduce the deer population and, consequently, the grazing pressure on alfalfa plots.
• Strategic Grazing Management: Implementing grazing management strategies, such as rotational grazing or strip grazing, can help distribute grazing pressure and allow alfalfa plants to recover. This involves dividing the plot into smaller sections and allowing deer to graze on only one section at a time, giving the other sections time to regrow.

Illustrative Examples and Visual Representations

Visual aids significantly enhance understanding and engagement when discussing alfalfa food plots for deer. These representations provide tangible examples and comparative analyses that solidify key concepts. The following sections offer detailed descriptions of illustrative examples and visual representations suitable for educating individuals on alfalfa’s benefits and management.

Detailed Illustration: A Healthy Alfalfa Food Plot

A detailed illustration depicts a thriving alfalfa food plot, showcasing its visual appeal and ecological benefits. The scene is set during the late spring or early summer, with the sun shining brightly overhead. The foreground is dominated by a field of lush, green alfalfa, approximately 12-18 inches in height, indicating a well-established and actively growing stand. The alfalfa plants exhibit a dense, uniform growth pattern, free from significant weed infestations, which are kept at bay by effective management practices.Several deer are actively feeding in the plot.

A mature buck, with a well-developed antler rack, is grazing calmly, demonstrating the attractiveness of alfalfa to deer. Several does and fawns are also present, illustrating the food plot’s ability to support a healthy deer population. The deer appear healthy and well-nourished, with sleek coats and robust body conditions, a direct result of the high nutritional value of the alfalfa.In the background, bordering the alfalfa plot, is a wooded area providing cover and protection for the deer.

A water source, such as a small pond or creek, is also visible, emphasizing the importance of water availability for deer. The overall scene conveys a sense of harmony and balance, highlighting the symbiotic relationship between the alfalfa food plot and the deer population. The soil is dark and rich, suggesting good fertility and appropriate soil management. The illustration effectively communicates the visual characteristics of a successful alfalfa food plot and its positive impact on deer.

Infographic: Nutritional Benefits of Alfalfa for Deer

An infographic visually compares the nutritional benefits of alfalfa to other common deer food plot options. The infographic employs a clear and concise layout, using a combination of bar graphs and pie charts to represent data. The primary focus is on key nutritional components: protein, energy (measured in digestible energy), calcium, and phosphorus.The left side of the infographic features a bar graph illustrating the protein content of alfalfa, soybeans, corn, and clover.

Alfalfa’s bar is significantly taller than the others, visually representing its higher protein content. A label clearly indicates that alfalfa provides approximately 18-22% crude protein on a dry matter basis. The other bars show the protein content of soybeans, corn, and clover, providing a comparative analysis.The right side of the infographic uses a pie chart to demonstrate the digestible energy content of the same food plot options.

The alfalfa section of the pie chart is noticeably larger than the corn and clover sections, illustrating that alfalfa offers a higher level of digestible energy for deer. This section of the infographic also includes a brief explanation of the importance of digestible energy for deer growth and reproduction.Below the bar graph and pie chart, the infographic also includes a section highlighting the calcium and phosphorus content of each food plot option.

These are presented using a similar bar graph format, showing alfalfa’s superior levels of these essential minerals, vital for antler development and bone health in deer. Small icons representing deer antlers and bones reinforce this point. The infographic concludes with a brief summary, emphasizing that alfalfa provides a superior nutritional profile for deer compared to other common food plot choices.

Diagram: Alfalfa Lifecycle and Impact on Deer

The diagram illustrates the lifecycle of an alfalfa plant and its interaction with deer, presented in a circular format to emphasize the cyclical nature of the relationship. The diagram starts with the alfalfa plant at the seedling stage, showing the emergence of the first leaves. Arrows indicate the plant’s growth stages: vegetative growth, bud formation, flowering, and seed production.The vegetative growth stage is depicted with a lush green alfalfa plant, demonstrating its attractiveness to deer for grazing.

The diagram shows deer grazing on the alfalfa at this stage, highlighting the plant’s nutritional value and its role in supporting deer health.The bud formation and flowering stages are also shown, indicating the plant’s reproductive cycle. The diagram includes text explaining that regular grazing or cutting at these stages can promote plant health and longevity. The seed production stage illustrates the formation of alfalfa seeds, emphasizing the plant’s ability to regenerate and perpetuate the food plot.Interspersed throughout the lifecycle are visual representations of the impact on deer.

For instance, during the vegetative growth stage, a deer is shown grazing, with an arrow pointing to a deer’s improved body condition. During the seed production stage, the diagram indicates the potential for increased deer reproduction due to the enhanced nutrition provided by the alfalfa. The diagram includes labels indicating the benefits for deer at each stage, such as improved antler growth, increased milk production for does, and overall deer health.

The diagram concludes by reiterating the importance of proper management practices, such as rotational grazing or timely cutting, to ensure the long-term sustainability of the alfalfa food plot and its continued benefits for the deer population.

Epilogue

From understanding alfalfa’s nutritional benefits to implementing sustainable management practices, this guide equips you with the knowledge to create and maintain exceptional deer food plots. By following these strategies, you’ll not only provide a superior food source for deer but also contribute to the long-term health and sustainability of your land. So, ditch the guesswork and embrace the power of alfalfa.

Your deer (and your hunting success) will thank you for it. Now go forth and plant!