Introduction
The wild turkey, a symbol of North American wilderness, holds a special place in the hearts of hunters and nature enthusiasts alike. The gobble of a tom echoing through the spring woods is a sound that stirs the soul, a reminder of the untamed beauty that still exists. Maintaining healthy turkey populations requires a multifaceted approach, and one of the most effective tools in a land manager’s arsenal is the strategic use of food plots.
Food plots, quite simply, are intentionally planted areas designed to provide supplemental food for wildlife. They are meticulously planned and cultivated to offer a reliable source of nutrition, especially during times when natural food sources are scarce. For turkeys, these managed areas can be a game-changer, contributing to increased brood survival, higher poult numbers, and ultimately, more successful hunting seasons. This guide dives deep into the world of food plots for turkey, covering everything from understanding their dietary needs to selecting the perfect plants and implementing effective management strategies. Our aim is to equip you with the knowledge needed to create a haven for wild turkeys on your property.
Understanding What Turkeys Want to Eat
To create a truly effective food plot, you must first understand the changing dietary demands of turkeys throughout the year. Their needs fluctuate considerably depending on the season and their life stage.
During the spring and summer months, when hens are nesting and raising young poults, protein is king. Young turkeys require a diet rich in protein to fuel their rapid growth. This is when insects become crucial. Plants that attract insects are worth more than gold. Clover, sunflowers, and certain legumes serve as insect magnets, providing a vital food source for growing poults. Hens also need protein to produce eggs.
As fall approaches, the focus shifts to building up energy reserves for the coming winter. Seeds and grains become the primary food sources. Turkeys gorge themselves on these carbohydrate-rich foods to accumulate fat, which will help them survive the cold months.
Winter presents the biggest challenge. Food is scarce, and turkeys must rely on stored fat and whatever they can find to survive. Standing grains, persistent forages, and seeds that remain available above the snow are essential. Providing food sources that withstand harsh conditions can significantly improve winter survival rates.
Some key food sources to keep in mind are seeds, insects, green forage, and mast. Seeds like clover, various grasses, sunflowers, millets, corn, wheat, oats, and chufa are all excellent choices. Remember, legumes and sunflowers attract insects, while green forage like clover, alfalfa, and brassicas provide vital nutrients. While you can’t exactly plant acorns, understanding their importance as mast and managing oak habitat should be part of the overall plan.
Keep in mind that preferred food sources can vary based on geographic location. What works in the Southeast might not be as effective in the Midwest. Local knowledge and consultation with wildlife professionals are invaluable.
Choosing the Right Place for Your Turkey Oasis
Location is paramount when it comes to establishing a successful food plot. A poorly located food plot is a waste of time and resources. Several factors must be considered when selecting a suitable site.
Sunlight is critical. Most food plot plants require at least six hours of direct sunlight per day to thrive. Without sufficient sunlight, your plants will struggle to grow.
Soil type and drainage are equally important. Conduct a soil test to determine the pH and nutrient levels of your soil. Different plants thrive in different soil conditions. Good drainage is essential to prevent waterlogging and root rot.
Proximity to cover is another essential consideration. Turkeys are wary creatures, and they need to feel safe when feeding. Locate food plots near wooded areas, thickets, or other forms of cover where turkeys can escape from predators.
Access to a water source can be beneficial, especially in dry areas. A stream, pond, or spring nearby can provide a reliable source of hydration for turkeys.
Look for signs of existing turkey activity, such as tracks, droppings, or feathers. These signs indicate that turkeys are already using the area.
Consider the size and shape of your food plot. Smaller, irregular plots can be more appealing to turkeys than large, open fields. Linear plots along field edges can also be effective. The benefit of having several smaller food plots in different locations cannot be overstated, this strategy provides diversity and reduces the risk of total crop failure.
Planting for Success: What to Plant and How to Do It
The success of your food plot hinges on selecting the right plants and planting them correctly. A carefully chosen mix of plants will provide a diverse and nutritious food source for turkeys throughout the year.
Legumes are a cornerstone of turkey food plots. Clovers, such as white clover, red clover, ladino clover, and crimson clover, are excellent choices. They fix nitrogen in the soil, attract insects, and provide good forage. Each clover type has its own pros and cons. Alfalfa is another great option, especially in areas with good drainage, as it is a reliable forage. Austrian winter peas can also be used for early-season growth and nitrogen fixation.
Grasses and grains also have a place in the plot. Wheat is easy to establish and provides good fall and winter food. Oats are similar to wheat but may be less winter-hardy in some regions. Corn is a high-energy food source, but it requires more management. Sorghum is good for fall and winter and provides cover. Millet attracts insects and produces seeds.
Brassicas, such as turnips, rape, and kale, can also be included. Turnips provide winter food in the form of their bulbs, while rape provides green forage. Kale is particularly cold-hardy.
Forbs like sunflowers attract insects and produce seeds, making them a valuable addition. Chufa is a favorite of turkeys, and its tubers are highly nutritious. This option requires specific planting instructions.
Don’t underestimate the power of seed mixtures. Using a mix of different plant species offers diversity and ensures that something will thrive even if conditions are unfavorable for one particular plant. A mix also allows for staggered maturity dates, providing a longer-lasting food source.
Remember the importance of native plants whenever possible. Native plants are well-adapted to the local environment and provide valuable habitat for a wide range of wildlife.
Consider factors such as soil type, climate, deer pressure, and budget when selecting plants. Some plants are more palatable to deer than others, so choose accordingly.
Getting Your Hands Dirty: Preparing the Soil and Planting
Proper soil preparation is essential for successful food plot establishment. Start with a soil test to determine the pH and nutrient levels of your soil. You can purchase a home test kit or send a soil sample to your local extension office.
Lime is often needed to correct soil pH, especially for legumes. Fertilizer should be applied based on the results of your soil test. Pay attention to the N-P-K ratios of different fertilizers.
Weed control is critical. Before planting, you can use tillage or herbicides to eliminate existing weeds. Glyphosate is a common herbicide used for this purpose. After plants emerge, you may need to use selective herbicides or mowing to control weeds.
There are several different planting methods you can use. Broadcasting involves spreading seeds by hand or with a spreader. Drilling uses a seed drill for precise seed placement. No-till drilling plants seeds directly into existing vegetation.
Planting depth and timing are crucial for success. Follow specific recommendations for different plant species.
Avoid soil compaction, especially when soils are wet. Compaction can inhibit root growth and reduce plant vigor.
Nurturing Your Plot: Maintenance and Management
Once your food plot is established, it’s important to maintain and manage it properly to ensure its long-term success. Weed control is an ongoing task. Continue to monitor for weeds and use appropriate control methods.
Periodic fertilization will help maintain plant health and productivity. Mowing can be used to control weeds, promote new growth, and encourage seed production.
Controlled burning, if appropriate for your region and habitat, can be used to improve habitat and promote plant growth. This should be done carefully and under the guidance of experts.
Monitor for insect pests and use appropriate insecticides if necessary. Protect food plots from excessive deer browsing by using fencing or repellents.
Consider rotating crops to improve soil health and reduce pest problems. Keep accurate records of planting dates, fertilizer applications, and other management practices.
Taking It Up a Notch: Advanced Techniques
Beyond the basics, consider advanced techniques to further enhance your turkey habitat. Focus on creating nesting habitat by managing adjacent areas to provide nesting cover for hens. Native grasses and brush piles can be beneficial.
Manage brood habitat by creating areas with open understory and abundant insects. Edge feathering and selective herbicide use can help.
Consider ethical and legal methods for predator control to reduce predation on turkeys. Create or improve water sources, such as ponds or springs.
Working with a wildlife biologist can provide personalized recommendations for your property.
Dealing with Challenges: Troubleshooting
Even with careful planning, problems can arise. Poor germination can be caused by poor seed quality, improper planting depth, or lack of moisture. Weed infestations can be controlled with herbicides, mowing, and other methods. Deer damage can be prevented by fencing or using repellents. Disease problems can be identified and addressed with appropriate treatments. Soil problems can be corrected by adjusting pH and nutrient levels.
The Future of Turkey Habitat: A Commitment
Food plots for turkey are an invaluable tool for attracting and holding wild turkeys. By understanding their dietary needs, selecting the right plants, and implementing effective management strategies, you can create a haven for these magnificent birds on your property. Remember to manage your land in a sustainable and ethical manner. Take action and start planning your own turkey food plots today to experience the thrill of supporting these iconic creatures.
